Dual Effects of Weight and Weight Gain on Breast Cancer Risk

Abstract

CONTEXT: Breast cancer is a major cause of mortality among women. It is important to identify modifiable risk factors for this disease. OBJECTIVE: To examine body mass index (BMI) at the age of 18 years and at midlife and adult weight change in relation to breast cancer incidence and mortality. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: A cohort of 95256 US female nurses aged 30 to 55 years who were followed up for 16 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incident and fatal breast cancer. RESULTS: During 1203498 person-years, 2517 incident breast cancers (60% postmenopausal) were documented. Higher current BMI was associated with lower breast cancer incidence before menopause and was minimally associated with incidence after menopause. However, a stronger positive relationship was seen among postmenopausal women who never used hormone replacement (relative risk=1.59 for BMI >31 kg/m2 vs < or = 20 kg/m2; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-2.32; P for trend <.001). Higher BMI at the age of 18 years was associated with lower breast cancer incidence both before and after menopause. Weight gain after the age of 18 years was unrelated to breast cancer incidence before menopause, but was positively associated with incidence after menopause. This increased risk with weight gain was limited to women who never used postmenopausal hormones; among these women, the relative risk was 1.99 (95% confidence interval, 1.43-2.76) for weight gain of more than 20 kg vs unchanged weight (P for trend <.001). Current BMI and weight gain were even more strongly associated with fatal postmenopausal breast cancer. In this population, the percentage of postmenopausal breast cancer accounted for by weight gain alone was approximately 16% and by hormone replacement therapy alone was 5%, but when the interaction between these variables was considered, together they accounted for about one third of postmenopausal breast cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Avoiding adult weight gain may contribute importantly to the prevention of breast cancer after menopause, particularly among women who do not use postmenopausal hormones.