The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in the United States, 2005-2008
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: The prevalence of diabetes in the United States has increased. People with diabetes are at risk for diabetic retinopathy. No recent national population-based estimate of the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy exists. OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among US adults with diabetes aged 40 years and older. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Analysis of a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2008 (N = 1006). Diabetes was defined as a self-report of a previous diagnosis of the disease (excluding gestational diabetes mellitus) or glycated hemoglobin A(1c) of 6.5% or greater. Two fundus photographs were taken of each eye with a digital nonmydriatic camera and were graded using the Airlie House classification scheme and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study severity scale. Prevalence estimates were weighted to represent the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population aged 40 years and older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Diabetic retinopathy and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy was 28.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24.9%-32.5%) and 4.4% (95% CI, 3.5%-5.7%) among US adults with diabetes, respectively. Diabetic retinopathy was slightly more prevalent among men than women with diabetes (31.6%; 95% CI, 26.8%-36.8%; vs 25.7%; 95% CI, 21.7%-30.1%; P = .04). Non-Hispanic black individuals had a higher crude prevalence than non-Hispanic white individuals of diabetic retinopathy (38.8%; 95% CI, 31.9%-46.1%; vs 26.4%; 95% CI, 21.4%-32.2%; P = .01) and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (9.3%; 95% CI, 5.9%-14.4%; vs 3.2%; 95% CI, 2.0%-5.1%; P = .01). Male sex was independently associated with the presence of diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio [OR], 2.07; 95% CI, 1.39-3.10), as well as higher hemoglobin A(1c) level (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.20-1.75), longer duration of diabetes (OR, 1.06 per year duration; 95% CI, 1.03-1.10), insulin use (OR, 3.23; 95% CI, 1.99-5.26), and higher systolic blood pressure (OR, 1.03 per mm Hg; 95% CI, 1.02-1.03). CONCLUSION: In a nationally representative sample of US adults with diabetes aged 40 years and older, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy was high, especially among Non-Hispanic black individuals.
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“This care gap is a major source of health disparity, with racial and ethnic minorities, and under-resourced communities, having worse outcomes, and a disproportionately higher prevalence of DED2,5–9.”
From Autonomous artificial intelligence increases screening and follow-up for diabetic retinopathy in youth: the ACCESS randomized control trial (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy
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Self-citationThe Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy
Klein, R. (1984) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030405011 · Cited by 1,482
Self-citationKlein, R., Klein, R., Moss, S. E., & Linton, K. L. P. (1992) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(92)32011-1 · Cited by 1,382
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Gulshan, V., Peng, L., Coram, M., Stumpe, M. C., Wu, D., Narayanaswamy, A., Venugopalan, S., Widner, K., Madams, T., Cuadros, J., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.17216 · Cited by 7,697
Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications
Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B. (2018) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2017.151 · Cited by 5,697
Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy
Yau, J. W. Y., Rogers, S. L., Kawasaki, R., Lamoureux, E. L., Kowalski, J. W., Bek, T., Chen, S.-J., Dekker, J. M., Fletcher, A., Grauslund, J., et al. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1909 · Cited by 4,985
Self-citationGlobal Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Projection of Burden through 2045
Teo, Z. L., Tham, Y.-C., Yu, M., Chee, M. L., Rim, T. H., Cheung, N., Bikbov, M. M., Wang, Y. X., Tang, Y., Lu, Y., et al. (2021) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.04.027 · Cited by 2,420
Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease: Clinical Insights and Vascular Mechanisms
Petrie, J. R., Guzik, T. J., & Touyz, R. M. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.005 · Cited by 1,787
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, X., Saaddine, J. B., Chou, C.-F., Cotch, M. F., Cheng, Y. J., Geiss, L. S., Gregg, E. W., Albright, A. L., Klein, B. E. K., & Klein, R.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Xinzhi
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2010-08-11
- Volume
- 304
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 649
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC2945293
- OpenAlex
- W2049036672
- Cited by
- 1,196
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 131 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 65 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 55.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 EY999999)
- U.S. Public Health Service (05FED47304)
- National Eye Institute (ZIAEY000402, Z01EY000402)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- diabetic retinopathy, prevalence, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy, diabetes mellitus, risk factors, sex differences, racial disparities, non-Hispanic Black adults, fundus photography, adults aged 40 and older, United States adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Black or African American, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetic Retinopathy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Risk Factors, United States, Vision Disorders, Prevalence
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