The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Association of Testosterone Therapy With Mortality, Myocardial Infarction, and Stroke in Men With Low Testosterone Levels
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Rates of testosterone therapy are increasing and the effects of testosterone therapy on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality are unknown. A recent randomized clinical trial of testosterone therapy in men with a high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases was stopped prematurely due to adverse cardiovascular events raising concerns about testosterone therapy safety. OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between testosterone therapy and all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke among male veterans and to determine whether this association is modified by underlying coronary artery disease. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: A retrospective national cohort study of men with low testosterone levels (<300 ng/dL) who underwent coronary angiography in the Veterans Affairs (VA) system between 2005 and 2011. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality, MI, and ischemic stroke. RESULTS: Of the 8709 men with a total testosterone level lower than 300 ng/dL, 1223 patients started testosterone therapy after a median of 531 days following coronary angiography. Of the 1710 outcome events, 748 men died, 443 had MIs, and 519 had strokes. Of 7486 patients not receiving testosterone therapy, 681 died, 420 had MIs, and 486 had strokes. Among 1223 patients receiving testosterone therapy, 67 died, 23 had MIs, and 33 had strokes. At 3 years after coronary angiography, the Kaplan-Meier estimated cumulative percentages with events were 19.9%in the no testosterone therapy group vs 25.7%in the testosterone therapy group,with an absolute risk difference of 5.8%(95%CI, -1.4%to 13.1%) [corrected].The Kaplan-Meier estimated cumulative percentages with events among the no testosterone therapy group vs testosterone therapy group at 1 year after coronary angiography were 10.1% vs 11.3%; at 2 years, 15.4% vs 18.5%; and at 3 years, 19.9% vs 25.7 [corrected].There was no significant difference in the effect size of testosterone therapy among those with and without coronary artery disease (test for interaction, P = .41). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among a cohort of men in the VA health care system who underwent coronary angiography and had a low serum testosterone level, the use of testosterone therapy was associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes. These findings may inform the discussion about the potential risks of testosterone therapy.
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“Although the authors identified a higher rate of AEs in the T supplementation group (after statistical manipulation of the raw data), given the wide discrepancy in groupings, it is unclear if this group represented men with a higher baseline risk for subsequent events and that a lower T in this group was an indirect indicator of their overall comorbid burdens (despite lower ages).”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [129]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, groupings were not matched for age or T levels.”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [129]
In the citing paper
“One recent example of poorly matched groupings was the Vigen et al’s retrospective analysis of a VA population, which compared hypogonadal men receiving or not receiving T supplementation.129 Baseline comorbid states were significantly different between groupings, including obesity, obstructed coronary artery status, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular disease,”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [129]
In the citing paper
“Some epidemiological studies have reported an increase in cardiovascular mortality related to TRT while others have not been able to establish a correlation between the two [19,20].”
Citations
Cites
ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention—Summary Article
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Immortal Time Bias in Pharmacoepidemiology
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Adverse Events Associated with Testosterone Administration
Basaria, S., Coviello, A. D., Travison, T. G., Storer, T. W., Farwell, W. R., Jette, A. M., Eder, R., Tennstedt, S., Ulloor, J., Zhang, A., et al. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1000485 · Cited by 1,494
Testosterone Replacement in Older Hypogonadal Men: A 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial
Sih, R., Morley, J. E., Kaiser, F. E., Perry, H. M., Patrick, P., & Ross, C. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.6.3988 · Cited by 920
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Adverse Effects of Testosterone Therapy in Adult Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Fernández-Balsells, M. M., Murad, M. H., Lane, M., Lampropulos, J. F., Albuquerque, F., Mullan, R. J., Agrwal, N., Elamin, M. B., Gallegos-Orozco, J. F., Wang, A. T., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2575 · Cited by 713
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Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Hypogonadal Men1
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Cited by
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Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.
Bhasin, S., Brito, J. P., Cunningham, G. R., Hayes, F. J., Hodis, H. N., Matsumoto, A. M., Snyder, P. J., Swerdloff, R. S., Wu, F. C., & Yialamas, M. A. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00229 · Cited by 1,736
Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Gender and Aging
Rodgers, J. L., Jones, J., Bolleddu, S. I., Vanthenapalli, S., Rodgers, L. E., Shah, K., Karia, K., & Panguluri, S. K. (2019) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd6020019 · Cited by 1,153
Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men
Snyder, P. J., Bhasin, S., Cunningham, G. R., Matsumoto, A. M., Stephens-Shields, A. J., Cauley, J. A., Gill, T. M., Barrett-Connor, E., Swerdloff, R. S., Wang, C., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1506119 · Cited by 890
Increased Risk of Non-Fatal Myocardial Infarction Following Testosterone Therapy Prescription in Men
Finkle, W. D., Greenland, S., Ridgeway, G. K., Adams, J. L., Frasco, M. A., Cook, M. B., Fraumeni, J. F., & Hoover, R. N. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085805 · Cited by 735
“[6] In the two studies assessing timing of the increase, it was noted to appear very soon following initiation of therapy.”
BackgroundLeydig cells: formation, function, and regulation†
Zirkin, B. R., & Papadopoulos, V. (2018) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioy059 · Cited by 761
Metadata
- Authors
- Vigen, R.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Vigen, Rebecca
- ORCID
- Vigen, Rebecca
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-11-06
- Volume
- 310
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1829
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2132123717
- Cited by
- 1,003
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 87 · 2017: 101 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 136 · 2014: 162 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 104.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- testosterone replacement therapy, androgen deficiency, hypogonadism, all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, cardiovascular outcomes, coronary artery disease, male veterans, coronary angiography, men's health, hormone replacement therapy, early trial termination, sex differences in cardiovascular risk
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Coronary Artery Disease, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Myocardial Infarction, Retrospective Studies, Risk, Testosterone, Veterans, Cohort Studies, Coronary Angiography, Stroke, Andropause
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