Variation in rates of autoimmune thyroid disease by race/ethnicity in US military personnel.
Abstract
The relationship between Graves disease and race/ethnicity is undefined. Based on thyroid antibody prevalence, the rates of Hashimoto thyroiditis may be highest in whites and lowest in blacks.1,2 Using a large and comprehensive data set of medical diagnoses for all US active duty service personnel, we calculated age-standardized incidence rates for Graves disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis by race/ethnicity.
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Hypothyroidism is more frequent in Asian and White individuals compared with Black individuals.
“Hypothyroidism is more frequent in Asian and White individuals compared with Black individuals, 21,22 whichmaybeduetoenvironmentalfactors(eg,areas with inadequate nutritional iodine levels), genetic factors, or both ( Box ). 22-25”
From Hypothyroidism: A Review (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
Cites
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The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity
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Smoking and Other Lifestyle Factors and the Risk of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism
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Chaker, L., Bianco, A. C., Jonklaas, J., & Peeters, R. P. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30703-1 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
Prevalence of undiagnosed hypothyroidism in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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- Authors
- McLeod, D. S. A., Caturegli, P., Cooper, D. S., Matos, P. G., & Hutfless, S.
- Affiliations
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- United States Army (US)
- Corresponding author
- McLeod, Donald S. A.
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2014-04-16
- Volume
- 311
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1563
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W1985984390
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders
- Keywords
- autoimmune thyroid disease, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, race and ethnicity, racial disparities, incidence rates, military personnel, thyroid autoantibodies, age-standardized incidence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Asian, Black or African American, Female, Graves Disease, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Military Personnel, Retrospective Studies, United States, Incidence, Black People, Hashimoto Disease, Young Adult
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