Confounding by Indication in Clinical Research
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In that study, a single variant rs162724 proximal to GRM7 and previously associated with major depressive disorder was found to potentially be of interest as an effect modifier of statin response.
“Polygenic scores did not identify any effect-modifying genetic groups; however, a single variant (rs162724) proximal to the glutamate receptor gene GRM7 and previously associated with major depressive disorder was found to potentially be of interest.”
From Mendelian randomization (2022) · cites this paper as [148]
In a drug-target MR study by Xu and Burgess, polygenic scores did not identify any effect-modifying genetic groups for the response of LDL-cholesterol levels to statin treatment.
“Polygenic scores did not identify any effect-modifying genetic groups; however, a single variant (rs162724) proximal to the glutamate receptor gene GRM7 and previously associated with major depressive disorder was found to potentially be of interest.”
From Mendelian randomization (2022) · cites this paper as [148]
Cites
Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care
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Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics
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Haukoos, J. S., & Lewis, R. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.13480 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Impact of Residual and Unmeasured Confounding in Epidemiologic Studies: A Simulation Study
Fewell, Z., Davey Smith, G., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm165 · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Tolles, J., & Meurer, W. J. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.7653 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Confounding in Health Research
Greenland, S., & Morgenstern, H. (2001) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.22.1.189 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
McNamee, R. (2003) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.60.3.227 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Association Between Tracheal Intubation During Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Survival
Andersen, L. W., Raymond, T. T., Berg, R. A., Nadkarni, V., Grossestreuer, A. V., Kurth, T., & Donnino, M. W. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.14486 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
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Sanderson, E., Glymour, M. M., Holmes, M. V., Kang, H., Morrison, J., Munafò, M. R., Palmer, T., Schooling, C. M., Wallace, C., Zhao, Q., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-021-00092-5 · Cited by 2,229 · see citing works
Park, S. H., & Han, K. (2018) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2017171920 · Cited by 894 · see citing works
An update on the clinical consequences of polypharmacy in older adults: a narrative review
Wastesson, J. W., Morin, L., Tan, E. C. K., & Johnell, K. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2018.1546841 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Ding, J., Davis-Plourde, K. L., Sedaghat, S., Tully, P. J., Wang, W., Phillips, C., Pase, M. P., Himali, J. J., Gwen Windham, B., Griswold, M., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30393-x · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Association of Antidepressant Use With Adverse Health Outcomes: A Systematic Umbrella Review
Dragioti, E., Solmi, M., Favaro, A., Fusar-Poli, P., Dazzan, P., Thompson, T., Stubbs, B., Firth, J., Fornaro, M., Tsartsalis, D., et al. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2859 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use and Residual Gastric Content Before Anesthesia
Sen, S., Potnuru, P. P., Hernandez, N., Goehl, C., Praestholm, C., Sridhar, S., & Nwokolo, O. O. (2024) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2024.0111 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
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Performing an Informatics Consult: Methods and Challenges
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“Another plausible explanation is confounding by indication (Kyriacou & Lewis, 2016)—families who enroll in Part C EI may be fundamentally different from their presumably eligible counterparts.”
- Authors
- Kyriacou, D. N., & Lewis, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2016-11-01
- Volume
- 316
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1818
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2545458768
- Cited by
- 565
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 111 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 28.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Keywords
- confounding by indication, treatment allocation, confounding, clinical trials, observational studies
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Research Design, Bias, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Biomedical Research
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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