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Cited by 59International Science and DiplomacyGlobal Security and Public HealthVaccine Coverage and Hesitancy

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 21 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Restoring Vaccine Diplomacy

Open access
Hotez, Peter J., Narayan, K. M. Venkat·2021·JAMA
DOI 10.1001/jama.2021.7439
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Abstract

Restoring Vaccine DiplomacyMore than 60 years ago, the US and the USSR, while in the midst of the Cold War, collaborated to produce and scale a new oral polio vaccine and test it on millions of Soviet schoolchildren.The 3 poliovirus strains suitable for vaccine production were first developed in the laboratory of Albert Sabin and were sent (with US government approval) to the USSR, where Sabin then worked with Soviet science counterparts, including Mikhail Chumakov.These studies paved the way for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.Later, in the 1960s, the USSR refined a technique for freeze-drying the smallpox vaccine, making it possible to deliver it intact to remote tropical areas.This innovation helped D.A. Henderson, a US epidemiologist, to lead a global smallpox eradication campaign under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO).In both cases, 2 political enemies put aside their differences to collaborate on solving great public health or pandemicthreats. 1 Bothachievementshelpedtoigniteamodern international framework of vaccine diplomacy for promoting scientific collaboration for vaccine development and ensuring vaccine equity.Global politics have clearly shifted since the time of Sabin and Chumakov, and the multipolar interconnected world of today is far more complex than ever before.However, the principles of vaccine diplomacy

Overview

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Crossref · 10.1001/jama.2021.7439

Cites

8 of 8 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

1 of 21 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    More than 60 years ago, the US and the USSR, while in the midst of the Cold War, collaborated to produce and scale a new oral polio vaccine and test it on millions of Soviet schoolchildren.

    “More than 60 years ago, the US and the USSR, while in the midst of the Cold War, collaborated to produce and scale a new oral polio vaccine and test it on millions of Soviet schoolchildren.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] 1. Hotez PJ. Preventing the Next Pandemic: Vaccine Diplomacy in a Time of Anti-Science. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2021.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    The USSR freeze-drying innovation helped D.A. Henderson lead a global smallpox eradication campaign under the auspices of the WHO.

    “This innovation helped D.A. Henderson, a US epidemiologist, to lead a global smallpox eradication campaign under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] 1. Hotez PJ. Preventing the Next Pandemic: Vaccine Diplomacy in a Time of Anti-Science. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2021.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Interpretationcitation
    § Abstract

    The US-USSR oral polio vaccine studies paved the way for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.

    “These studies paved the way for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] 1. Hotez PJ. Preventing the Next Pandemic: Vaccine Diplomacy in a Time of Anti-Science. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2021.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    According to the Duke University Global Health Innovation Center, under the current scenario, many low-income nations may have to wait until 2023 or even 2024 to receive sufficient vaccine supply.

    “According to the Duke University Global Health Innovation Center, under the current scenario, many low-income nations may have to wait until 2023 or even 2024 to receive sufficient vaccine supply.3”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] 3. Mullard A. How COVID vaccines are being divvied up around the world. Nature. November 20, 2020. Accessed April 21, 2021. https://www.nature. com/articles/d41586-020-03370-6

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Interpretationreasoning
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    The Russian Sputnik V adenovirus-vectored vaccine also lacks review by a stringent regulatory authority as defined by the WHO.

    “This is also true of the Russian Sputnik V adenovirus-vectored vaccine.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 11
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 11

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    More than 160 million doses of the Sinovac whole inactivated virus vaccine were sent to countries globally, but without review by a stringent regulatory authority as defined by the WHO.

    “More than 160 million doses of the Sinovac whole inactivated virus vaccine 7 were sent to countries globally, but without review by a stringent regulatory authority as defined by the WHO.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] 7. Moutinho S, Wadman M. Is Russia's COVID-19 vaccine safe? Brazil's veto of Sputnik V sparks lawsuit threat and confusion. Science. April 30, 2021. Accessed May 26, 2021. https://www. sciencemag.org/news/2021/04/russias-covid-19- vaccine-safe-brazils-veto-sputnik-v-sparks-lawsuit- threat-and 9. Hotez PJ. Anti-science kills: from Soviet embrace of pseudoscience to accelerated attacks on US biomedicine. PLoS Biol. 2021;19(1):e3001068. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001068 source

      The paper’s “An anti-science legacy through vaccines” section discusses the Russian Sputnik V vaccine, not Sinovac. Searches for Sinovac, 160 million doses, global shipments, and WHO-defined stringent regulatory review found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Findingnone given
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    So far, there is no evidence that Sputnik V causes cerebral thrombotic events similar to other adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccines.

    “So far, there is no evidence for this”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    As suggested by Prahalad, the bottom-of-the-wealth-pyramid low-income markets represent extraordinary and sustainable business opportunities.

    “As suggested by Prahalad, the”
    • Also stated in: § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally · plain
      “bottom of the wealth pyramid”
    • Also stated in: § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally · plain
      “low-income markets actually represent extraordinary and sustainable business opportunities.6”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] 6. Prahalad CK. The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty Through Profits. Wharton School Publishing; 2005:401. 7. Sinovac supplied 260 mln COVID-19 vaccine doses globally. Reuters. April 20, 2021. Accessed April 21, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare- pharmaceuticals/sinovac-supplied-260-mln-covid- 19-vaccine-doses-globally-2021-04-20/

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    The Brazilian regulatory authority Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária recently rejected Sputnik V due to quality concerns, although their findings are disputed by the Kremlin.

    “For instance, the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, the Brazilian regulatory authority, recently rejected Sputnik V due to quality concerns, although their findings are disputed by the Kremlin.8”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] 8. Hotez PJ. COVID-19 vaccines: time to confront antivax aggression. Nature. 2021;592(7856):661. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01084-x source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    In both the polio and smallpox cases, two political enemies put aside their differences to collaborate on solving great public health or pandemic threats.

    “In both cases, 2 political enemies put aside their differences to collaborate on solving great public health or pandemicthreats.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] 1. Hotez PJ. Preventing the Next Pandemic: Vaccine Diplomacy in a Time of Anti-Science. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2021.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Counteract Antiscience Aggression

    In contrast to the mid-20th century when the US and USSR cooperated through vaccine diplomacy, the current Russian government has moved in a very different direction.

    “In contrast to the mid-20th century when the US and USSR cooperated through vaccine diplomacy, the current Russian government has moved in a very different direction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    Decisive pandemic control will not happen without strategic vaccine diplomacy.

    “This will not happen without strategic vaccine diplomacy.”
    • Also stated in: § Counteract Antiscience Aggression · plain
      “This will not happen without strategic vaccine diplomacy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    So far, just enough vaccines are being made available for the US, the UK, and Europe, mostly leaving out low-income countries.

    “So far, just enough vaccines are being made available for the US, the UK, and Europe, mostly leaving out lowincome countries.4”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] 4. Holder J. Tracking coronavirus vaccinations around the world. New York Times. April 21, 2021. Accessed April 21, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/ interactive/2021/world/covid-vaccinations-tracker. html

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Counteract Antiscience Aggression

    Whereas in the past, government and international agencies dismissed such disinformation to avoid amplifying their ignominious messages, this may no longer happen.

    “Whereas in the past, government and international agencies dismissed such disinformation to avoid amplifying their ignominious messages, this may no longer happen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Counteract Antiscience Aggression

    Vaccinating the many billions of people in low- and middle-income countries will require far higher levels of creative equitable international cooperation and innovative low-cost manufacturing and supply chains than currently are in place.

    “Vaccinating the many billions of people in low-and middleincome countries will require far higher levels of creative equitable international cooperation and innovative low-cost manufacturing and supply chains than currently are in place.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    The barriers for vaccines are the technical understanding and expertise to produce these complex technologies and provide adequate quality control and assurances.

    “The barriers for vaccines are the technical understanding and expertise to producethesecomplextechnologiesandprovideadequatequalitycontrol and assurances.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Abstract

    Vaccine diplomacy is now under threat by a new vaccine nationalism, in which Russia and China previously conducted unilateral negotiations to promote their vaccines.

    “However, vaccine diplomacy is now under threat by a new vaccine nationalism, in which Russia and China previously conducted unilateral negotiations to promote their vaccines.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    Addressing the vaccine production capacity situation will require collaboration of scientists across multiple nations and effective programs of international cooperation and assistance.

    “Addressing this situation will require collaboration of scientists across multiple nations and effective programs of international cooperation and assistance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    Eventually, vaccine production in Africa and Latin America, like in India, could become largely self-sustaining.

    “Eventually, vaccine production in Africa and Latin America, like in India (which is already estimated to be able to produce more than 60% of the global supply of vaccines), could become largely self-sustaining.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Africa produces almost no vaccines, and Latin America has underachieved thus far in producing COVID-19 vaccines locally.
    • Rests on an assumption: India is already estimated to be able to produce more than 60% of the global supply of vaccines.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Abstract

    The principles of vaccine diplomacy remain intact, as evidenced by the establishment of COVAX.

    “However, the principles of vaccine diplomacy”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
      “remain intact, as evidenced by the establishment of COVAX, an innovative sharing instrument led by the WHO, the United Nations Children's Fund, Gavi, and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, focused on COVID-19 vaccine manufacture and equitable and fair distribution, especially for resource-poor settings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    Even if the US releases all of its unused COVID-19 vaccines, it would only provide a small fraction of the billions of doses required.

    “For example, even if the US releases all of its unused COVID-19 vaccines, it would only provide a small fraction of the billions of doses required.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    Surmounting vaccine production obstacles will require investments in new production facilities and factories, and even more challenging is the shortage of trained staff and scientists who know how to produce new high-quality vaccines and embrace the latest regulatory science.

    “Surmounting such obstacles will require investments in new production facilities and factories, but even more challenging is the shortage of trained staff and scientists who know how to produce new high-quality vaccines and embrace the latest regulatory science.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    At 2 doses per vaccine, an estimated 4 billion to 5 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines will be needed to reduce hospitalizations and deaths and ultimately decrease transmission in and from sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and impoverished Asian nations.

    “At 2 doses per vaccine, an estimated 4 billion to 5 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines will be needed to reduce hospitalizations and deaths and ultimately decrease transmission in and from these areas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: More than 1 billion people live in sub-Saharan Africa, 650 million people live in Latin America, and several hundred million people live in impoverished Asian nations.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation
    § Abstract

    The 3 poliovirus strains suitable for vaccine production were first developed in Albert Sabin's laboratory and were sent with US government approval to the USSR, where Sabin worked with Soviet science counterparts including Mikhail Chumakov.

    “The 3 poliovirus strains suitable for vaccine production were first developed in the laboratory of Albert Sabin and were sent (with US government approval) to the USSR, where Sabin then worked with Soviet science counterparts, including Mikhail Chumakov.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] 1. Hotez PJ. Preventing the Next Pandemic: Vaccine Diplomacy in a Time of Anti-Science. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2021.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given
    § Provide Vaccines and Produce Them Locally

    Intellectual property constraints may be of greater relevance to small-molecule drugs than to vaccines.

    “Although many point to the urgency of lifting patent restrictions on vaccines, such intellectual property constraints may be of greater relevance to small-molecule drugs than vaccines.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
20 of 20

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    COVID-19 is surging globally and potentially breaking new records for the number of new daily cases, while overwhelming already underresourced communities and health systems.

    “Tragically, this is happening at a time when COVID-19 is surging globally and potentially breaking new records for the number of new daily cases, while overwhelming already underresourced communities and health systems.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many low- and middle-income countries often lack adequate pharmacovigilance mechanisms.

    “Moreover, in many low-and middle-income countries that often lack adequate pharmacovigilance mechanisms, in which Chinese and Russian vaccines are widely distributed, does Sputnik V cause cerebral thrombotic events similar to the other adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccines?”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The US has the greatest means for embarking on global COVID-19 vaccine demands.

    “Although this is not the exclusive responsibility of the US, the nation has the greatest means for embarking on global COVID-19 vaccine demands.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    More than 1 billion people live in sub-Saharan Africa, 650 million people live in Latin America, and several hundred million people live in impoverished Asian nations.

    “More than 1 billion people live in sub-Saharan Africa, 650 million people live in Latin America, and several hundred million people live in impoverished Asian nations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Except for a few wealthier nations, many African and Latin American countries are almost totally devoid of vaccines.

    “Yet, except for a few wealthier nations, many African and Latin American countries are almost totally devoid of vaccines.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Africa produces almost no vaccines, and Latin America has underachieved thus far in producing COVID-19 vaccines locally.

    “Over a longer period, the pandemic is a reminder of the importance of building vaccine development capacity, especially in Africa (where almost no vaccines are produced) or in Latin America, which has underachieved thus far in producing COVID-19 vaccines locally.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    India is already estimated to be able to produce more than 60% of the global supply of vaccines.

    “Eventually, vaccine production in Africa and Latin America, like in India (which is already estimated to be able to produce more than 60% of the global supply of vaccines), could become largely self-sustaining.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The mRNA, adenovirus-vectored, and protein nanoparticle vaccines from multinational companies are safe and highly effective in reducing COVID-19-related deaths and hospitalizations.

    “The mRNA, adenovirus-vectored, and protein nanoparticle vaccines from multinational companies are highlyinnovativeintheirdesignsandareprovingtobesafe and to have high effectiveness in reducing COVID-19relateddeathsandhospitalizations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    mRNA vaccines have onerous freezer-chain requirements that represent additional logistical challenges.

    “With the mRNA vaccines, onerous freezer-chain requirements represent additional logistical challenges.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    COVID-19 vaccines that use more traditional technologies, such as whole inactivated virus vaccines, are now available from China (Sinovac and Sinopharm) and from Bharat Biotech in India (Covaxin).

    “COVID-19 vaccines that use more traditional technologies, such as wholeinactivatedvirusvaccines,arenowavailablefromChina(Sinovac and Sinopharm) and from Bharat Biotech in India (Covaxin).”
10 of 10

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Metadata

Authors
Hotez, P. J., & Narayan, K. M. V.
Affiliations
  • Baylor College of Medicine (US)
  • Emory University (US)
Corresponding author
  • Hotez, Peter J.
  • Narayan, K. M. Venkat
ORCID
Venue
JAMA
Publisher
American Medical Association (AMA)
Published
2021-06-15
Volume
325
Issue
23
Pages
2337
ISSN
  • 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
  • 0098-7484
DOI
10.1001/jama.2021.7439
OpenAlex
W3165013432
Semantic Scholar
94017d106b1b3c23edbf200ecd63f7ea39d16f55
Cited by
56
References
8
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10
FWCI
33.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • JAMA (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › International Science and Diplomacy
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Global Security and Public Health
  • Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
Keywords
vaccine diplomacy, oral polio vaccine, Albert B. Sabin, Global Polio Eradication Initiative, smallpox eradication, World Health Organization, international scientific collaboration, vaccine equity
MeSH terms
Diplomacy, COVID-19 Vaccines, Attitude to Health, Developing Countries, Europe, Humans, Public Opinion, Russia, United States, Global Health, Immunization Programs, History, 20th Century

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