Ethical Obligations to Inform Patients About Use of AI Tools

Understanding Liability Risk from Using Health Care Artificial Intelligence Tools

Mello, M. M., & Guha, N. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmhle2308901 · Cited by 155 · see citing works

Patients’ Trust in Health Systems to Use Artificial Intelligence

Nong, P., & Platt, J. E. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.60628 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

Patient Consent and The Right to Notice and Explanation of AI Systems Used in Health Care

Hurley, M. E., Lang, B. H., Kostick, K. M., Smith, J. N., & Blumenthal‐Barby, J. (2024) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2024.2399828 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Standing on FURM Ground: A Framework for Evaluating Fair, Useful, and Reliable AI Models in Health Care Systems

Callahan, A., McElfresh, D., Banda, J. M., Bunney, G., Char, D., Chen, J., Corbin, C. K., Dash, D., Downing, N. L., Jain, S. S., et al. (2024) · NEJM Catalyst · doi:10.1056/cat.24.0131 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Ethics in Patient Preferences for Artificial Intelligence–Drafted Responses to Electronic Messages

Cavalier, J. S., Goldstein, B. A., Ravitsky, V., Bélisle‐Pipon, J., Bedoya, A., Maddocks, J., Klotman, S., Roman, M., Sperling, J. B., Xu, C. D., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.0449 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

An Ethically Supported Framework for Determining Patient Notification and Informed Consent Practices When Using Artificial Intelligence in Health Care

Rose, S. L., & Shapiro, D. (2024) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2024.04.014 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Public Attitudes Toward Notification of Use of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care

Platt, J. E., Nong, P., Carmona, G., & Kardia, S. L. R. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.50102 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Expectations of healthcare AI and the role of trust: understanding patient views on how AI will impact cost, access, and patient‐provider relationships

Nong, P., & Ji, M. (2025) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaf031 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Opportunities and risks of artificial intelligence in patient portal messaging in primary care

Biro, J. M., Handley, J. L., Malcolm McCurry, J., Visconti, A., Weinfeld, J., Gregory Trafton, J., & Ratwani, R. M. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01586-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Calibrating AI Reliance—A Physician’s Superhuman Dilemma

Patil, S. V., Myers, C. G., & Lu‐Myers, Y. (2025) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2025.0106 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Informed Consent for Clinician-AI Collaboration and Patient Data Sharing: Substantive, Illusory, or Both

Binkley, C. E., & Pilkington, B. (2023) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2023.2250289 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

A Call for Disclosure When Using AI for Patient Communications

Millen, M. M., Tai‐Seale, M., & Longhurst, C. (2025) · NEJM AI · doi:10.1056/aip2401167 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Co-creating Consent for Data Use — AI-Powered Ethics for Biomedical AI

Evans, B. J., & Bihorac, A. (2024) · NEJM AI · doi:10.1056/aipc2400237 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Integrating Artificial Intelligence Support in Patient Care While Respecting Ethical Principles

Sharko, M., & Cole, C. L. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.0462 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Disclosure as Absolution in Medicine: Disentangling Autonomy from Beneficence and Justice in Artificial Intelligence

Spector‐Bagdady, K., & London, A. J. (2025) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2025.2458424 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

A Heuristic for Notifying Patients About AI: From Institutional Declarations to Informed Consent

Elmore, M., Economou-Zavlanos, N., & Pencina, M. J. (2025) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2025.2458422 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Consenting to and Contesting AI Use – Different Functions but Both Are Necessary

Ploug, T., & Holm, S. (2025) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2025.2457721 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Cultivating Patient-Centered Healthcare Artificial Intelligence Transparency: Considerations for AI Documentation

Stroud, A. M., Miller, J. E., & Barry, B. A. (2025) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2025.2457775 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Balancing Transparency and Trust: Reevaluating AI Disclosure in Healthcare

Pflanzer, M. (2025) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2025.2457700 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Beyond Disclosure: Rethinking Patient Consent and AI Accountability in Healthcare

Yang, Y. T. (2025) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2025.2457688 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Pragmatic Approaches to the Evaluation and Monitoring of Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association

Jain, S. S., Goto, S., Hall, J. L., Khan, S. S., MacRae, C. A., Ofori, C., Pegus, C., Pencina, M., Peterson, E. D., Schwamm, L. H., et al. (2025) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001400 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

How Could Artificial Intelligence Change the Doctor–Patient Relationship? A Medical Ethics Perspective

Vergallo, G. M., Campanozzi, L. L., Gulino, M., Bassis, L., Ricci, P., Zaami, S., Marinelli, S., Tambone, V., & Frati, P. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13182340 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Ethical Assessment of Generative AI Tools for Clinical Summarization Tasks

Char, D. S., Downing, N. L., Youssef, A., & Mello, M. M. (2026) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2026.2657875 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Generative AI and the changing dynamics of clinical consultations

Navarro, D. F., Lewis, M., Blease, C. R., Shah, R., Riggare, S. S., Delacroix, S., & Lehman, R. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2025-085325 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Policy brief: ambient AI scribes and the coding arms race

Dai, T., Kvedar, J. C., & Polsky, D. E. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02272-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Confronting the Ethical Issues with Artificial Intelligence Use in Nephrology

Weightman, A. L., Clayton, P. A., & Coghlan, S. (2025) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000001074 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Legal implications of AI standard of care integration on patients’ informed consent: lessons from surgery

Duffourc, M., & Cahill, R. A. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-02157-1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

AI Disclosure and Patient Consent in Health Care

Perlis, R. H. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.14026 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Role of the States in the Future of AI Regulation

Mello, M. M., Childs, P. B., & Roberts, J. L. (2025) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2025.5020 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Application and challenges of DeepSeek in primary care in China

Zhang, J., Li, D., Wang, X., Wu, Z., & Lyu, Q. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1721308 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Guardrails for GenAI drafted replies in patient portal messaging

Sakr, J. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02621-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Trust is all you Need: Reinforcing the Patient-physician Bond in Times of AI

Reis, F., Reis, M., Drzeniek, N. M., & Balzer, F. (2025) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-025-02296-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Artificial intelligence in nuclear cardiology: Technical perspectives, strategic directions, and recommendations from an IAEA expert working group

Wiefels, C., Juárez‐Orozco, L. E., Craviolatti, P. S., Diahiliev, O., Eskander, A. M., Giubbini, R., Milan, E., Zhou, W., Karthikeyan, G., Jiménez‐Heffernan, A., et al. (2025) · Seminars in Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2025.11.011 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Receptiveness of physicians towards artificial intelligence-driven drug prescription: a nationwide survey

Zhang, W., Qi, S., Hu, Y., Zhai, X., Zhai, W., Liu, S., Li, Z., Su, W., Liu, S., Liu, W., et al. (2026) · npj Health Systems · doi:10.1038/s44401-026-00101-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Informed consent and ethical considerations in AI for dentistry and medicine: a scoping review

Allende, A. B., Ehsani, S., Eber, P., Ullah, A. I., Kosan, E., Saif, N., Alimohammadi, M., Onyeloili, M., Kientega, F. D., Galrao, T., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106576 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Artificial intelligence-based tools for precision diagnosis and treatment of neurofibromatosis type 1 associated peripheral and central glial tumors

Hellmann, F., Ristow, I., Well, L., Lohse, S., Anokhin, M., Kuhlen, M., André, E., & Harder, A. (2025) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-025-04093-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Informing Patients About Use of AI Tools

Weightman, A., Clayton, P. A., & Coghlan, S. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.18504 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Ethical Considerations for Artificial Intelligence Tools in Small Animal Veterinary Medicine

Coghlan, S., & Quinn, T. (2026) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2026.03.001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Governing artificial intelligence in cancer care: Perspectives and recommendations from patient organizations and the MULTIR consortium

Budin‐Ljøsne, I., Boni, A., Boussemart, L., Fattal, A.-K., Frantzi, M., Gemenick, L., Koinis, F., Kotsakis, A. P., Östman, F., Roret, T., et al. (2026) · Journal of Cancer Policy · doi:10.1016/j.jcpo.2026.100803 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Patient Perceptions and preferences for the disclosure of artificial intelligence generated draft replies to electronic messages – A qualitative study

Barrison, P., Platt, J. E., Ackerman, M. S., Friedman, C. P., & Vinson, A. H. (2026) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106507 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Healthcare exceptionalism in patient perspectives on AI: implications for policy and practice

Nong, P., Ji, M., & Platt, J. E. (2026) · Health Affairs Scholar · doi:10.1093/haschl/qxag128 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Improving Resident Knowledge of Artificial Intelligence Ethics and Prompting for Clinical Use

Cunningham, J. M., Jin, L., Kazi, I., Skandhan, A., & Rodriguez, R. (2026) · The Clinical Teacher · doi:10.1111/tct.70472 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Human-centered AI in healthcare teams: integrating clinical oversight, EHR auditability, and reimbursement pathways for responsible adoption

Changaris, M., & Niameh, F. V. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1761009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

AI scribe functions in psychiatric practice: clinical oversight, consent, and regulation

Roth, A. S., & Ayers, N. B. (2026) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(26)00201-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Ethical and inclusive challenges of machine learning in anaesthesia

Lorello, G. R., & Murali, M. (2025) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.70089 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Prognostication and clinical opportunities with AI for coronary artery calcium: a scoping review

McDonald, V. J. F., Parsa, S., Mastrodicasa, D., Rodriguez, F., Langlotz, C., Maron, D. J., Sandhu, A. T., Dudum, R., & Jain, S. S. (2026) · BMJ Digital Health & AI · doi:10.1136/bmjdh-2026-000053

Advancing AI in healthcare: three strategic roles for quality and safety leaders

Rakover, J., Renton, M., Barker, P., & Kantor, G. S. A. (2025) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2025-019050

Informing Patients About Use of AI Tools—Reply

Mello, M. M., Char, D. S., & Xu, S. H. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.18506

Global perspectives on artificial intelligence-augmented health care

Bhatia, R., Jaisani, Z., Dey, A. K., Muralidharan, J., Khan, R., Bhatia, M., & Gangadharan, A. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical and Scientific Research · doi:10.4103/jcsr.jcsr_130_25

Ethical Considerations in the Use of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Surgery

Zhang, J., Howard, M. A., & Teven, C. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7448-0_24-1

Humanizing AI in Health: the ethics challenges Outcomes of stakeholder engagements in India

Vaz, M., Shah, N., Baveja, A., Raj, T. D. S., & Bhan, A. (2026) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.24986.1

Use of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Surgery: Ethical Considerations

Zhang, J., Howard, M. A., & Teven, C. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7448-0_24-2

From Clinical Encounter to Draft Documentation: A Mechanistic Narrative Review of Ambient Scribe Technology

Kuhn, T. W. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.110201

Seeing beyond the algorithm: artificial intelligence and the enduring role of the radiologist

Weiner, J., Raja, M., Azam, Z., & Shah, S. (2026) · Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology · doi:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2026.06.010

Disclosure of AI Use in Radiology: Patient Perspectives and Preferences

Briody, H., Singh, S., O’Shea, A., Dunne, R., Morrin, M. M., Cahir, C., & Healy, N. A. (2026) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.260450

Data rights are the missing pillar for modernizing consent in medicine

Salem, N. S. (2026) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04506-3

Feasibility of Tailoring Artificial Intelligence–Assisted Ambient Scribes for Intensive Care Unit Rounds: Algorithm Development and Validation

Verma, R., Bains, S. S., Muthani, S. H. R., Arunachalam, A., Mohan, V., & Gold, J. A. (2026) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/85015

Validating Artificial Intelligence before the Bedside: ChatGPT-4 vs Mini in Guideline-Based Hypertension Content

Mesquita, C. T., da Silva, F. S., & do Couto, A. B. C. (2026) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.36660/abc.20260254i

Chinese version of the Nurses’ AI Ethical Awareness Scale: translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric evaluation among hospital nurses

Zhang, M., Wei, Y., Feng, F., Tian, H., Yang, Y., Yan, L., Cai, Y., Wang, D., Zhu, C., & Yu, C. (2026) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-026-05036-6

Integrating AI Into Emergency Radiology: Promises, Pitfalls, and Practical Approaches

Miller, Z. D., King, W. E., Cross, N. M., Singh, S., Linnau, K. F., Medverd, J. R., Sahani, D., & Mastrodicasa, D. (2026) · Seminars in Roentgenology · doi:10.1016/j.ro.2026.151009

The invisible consultant: Disclosure of artificial intelligence-assisted clinical decision support in dermatology

Shen, C., & Lipoff, J. B. (2026) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2026.07.091

AI-Enabled EHR Mining of SBDOH Enables Diverse Trial Recruitment but Raises Ethical Concerns

Saylor, K. W., & Owens, K. (2026) · The American Journal of Bioethics · doi:10.1080/15265161.2026.2690956

10 ways to improve your approach to generative artificial intelligence in clinical practice

Gabryszewski, S. J., Tam, J. S., Cheng, S. H., Adu-Gyamfi, A. B., Chase, N. M., Schauberger, E., Nickels, A. S., Anderson, W. C., Kanuga, M. J., Shih, J., et al. (2026) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2026.08.002

Ethics of artificial intelligence prognostication in palliative care: perspectives from a national survey of palliative care physicians

Alasmar, A. Y., Gunn-Sandell, L. B., Fischer, S. M., Fink, R. M., Juarez-Colunga, E., Campbell, E. G., & DeCamp, M. (2026) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/spcare-2026-006358

Four Domains to Support Responsible AI Integration

Binkley, C. E., Moran, B., Zier, L. S., Beauchamp, L., & Lloyd, R. C. (2026) · American Journal of Medical Quality · doi:10.1097/jmq.0000000000000344

Artificial intelligence in hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis and AI-assisted treatment support: Current landscape and future directions

Lei, Q.-K., Wu, T.-X., Zhang, C.-L., & Zheng, Y. (2026) · Liver Research · doi:10.1016/j.livres.2026.08.001

Patient factors in medical artificial intelligence: a systematic review

Lai, S., Guan, Z., Zhang, Y., Hong, J., Zeng, D., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Qin, Y., Shen, J., Li, H., Jiang, Z., et al. (2026) · Nature Health · doi:10.1038/s44360-026-00190-2

AI at the Bedside: An Argument for a Training Wheels Approach

MacDuffie, K. E., Diekema, D. S., Kett, J. C., Weiss, E. M., Haward, M. F., & Unguru, Y. (2026) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2025-074896

Artificial Intelligence in Orthodontics: Part 1—Basic Concepts

Sohrabniya, F., Naveed, K., Mohammad‐Rahimi, H., Woolley, J., Haghighat, S., Stoustrup, P. B., & Pauwels, R. (2026) · Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research · doi:10.1111/ocr.70179

Lower trust in artificial intelligence than physicians coexists with high willingness to engage in artificial intelligence‐assisted prostate cancer management among active surveillance patients

Chai, E. S., Abraham, K., Hanes, R., Williams, A., Wolinsky, H., Kryvenko, O. N., Stoyanova, R. S., Penedo, F. J., Khandekar, A., Nahar, B., et al. (2026) · BJUI Compass · doi:10.1002/bco2.70262

Of Silicon and Cells: Ethical and Safety Concerns Regarding Artificial Intelligence Usage in the Biomedical Sciences—A Narrative Review

Runde, A. P., Fahey, J. L., Pelit, W. S., Ortiz, C. E., Koo, S. M., Jordan, S., Chrulski, K. E., Kleberg, J. A., Buckner, H. D., Brown, N. M., et al. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16111785

Human Factors

Lenze, N. R., & Goldstein, C. A. (2026) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2026.08.020

Influence of physician and consumer demographics on AI-use penalties in primary care: a vignette-based study

Reis, M., Choi, J., Kim, Y. J., Luan, Y. L., Lyu, P., & Reis, F. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-03361-3

Beyond ‘administrative burden’: sociotechnical consequences of secure messaging and LLM integration (Preprint)Preprint

Waeiss, Q., Chang, L. J., Lutley, K., & Magnus, D. C. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.114409

The Ambulatory Patient Experience with Ambient Artificial Intelligence Scribes: A Qualitative Study

Nguyen, O. T., Afshar, M., Jaeb, M. A., Baumann, M. R., Resnik, F., Sullivan, A. G., Wills, G., Dambach, J., Mrotek, L. A., Quinn, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-026-10931-4

NOTIFY-DISCUSS: Patient and clinician perspectives on opportunistic screening for coronary artery calcification using artificial intelligence

Keamy-Minor, E., Dudum, R., Bragdon, C. L., Ngo, S., Xu, S., Asch, S. M., Maron, D. J., Brown-Johnson, C., Sandhu, A. T., & Rodriguez, F. (2026) · American Heart Journal Plus Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2026.100989

Introduction to Fundamental AI and Ethical Considerations: A Didactic and Interactive Case-Based Session for Preclerkship Medical Students

Cunningham, J. M., Velasquez, S. A. T., Jin, L., Morrow, J. D., Botros-Brey, S., & Rodríguez, R. (2026) · MedEdPORTAL · doi:10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11645

Informing Patients About Use of AI Tools—Reply

Mello, M. M., Char, D. S., & Xu, S. H. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.18506

Health in the Age of Algorithms: AI, Ethics, and Patient Perspectives

Nasrin, S. (2024) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.21558.97603

Understanding AI for Health Care

Zimmerman, A. (2026) · SpringerBriefs in ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11347-4_1

Artificial intelligence in healthcare: the duty to inform patients.

Doležal, T., & Doležal, A. (2025) · PubMed

AI in Healthcare Settings

Zimmerman, A. (2026) · SpringerBriefs in ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11347-4_8