Glycosylated Hemoglobin Predicts the Incidence and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy
Abstract
The relationship between hyperglycemia, measured by glycosylated hemoglobin at the initial examination, and the four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy was examined in a population-based study in Wisconsin. Younger- (n = 891) and older-onset (n = 987) persons participating in baseline and follow-up examinations were included. Glycosylated hemoglobin was measured by microcolumn. Retinopathy was determined from stereoscopic fundus photographs. In the younger-onset group, comparing the highest with the lowest quartile of glycosylated hemoglobin, the relative risk for developing any diabetic retinopathy was 1.9; for proliferative retinopathy, 21.8; and for progression, 4.0. Among older-onset persons taking insulin, the corresponding relative risks were 1.9, 4.0, and 2.1. Among older-onset persons not taking insulin, relative risks were 4.0 for any retinopathy and 6.2 for progression. A positive relationship between incidence and progression of retinopathy and glycosylated hemoglobin remained after controlling for duration of diabetes, age, sex, and baseline retinopathy. These data suggest a strong and consistent relationship between hyperglycemia and incidence and progression of retinopathy. (JAMA1988;260:2864-2871)
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Clinical trials, in concert with epidemiological data, support decreasing glycemia as an effective means of reducing long-term microvascular and neuropathic complications.
“The clinical trials, in concert with epidemiological data (18,19), support decreasing glycemia as an effective means of reducing long-term microvascular and neuropathic complications.”
From Medical Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Algorithm for the Initiation and Adjustment of Therapy (2009) · cites this paper as [18]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
(1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199309303291401 · Cited by 24,667 · see citing works
Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes
(2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa052187 · Cited by 5,138 · see citing works
Nathan, D. M., Buse, J. B., Davidson, M. B., Ferrannini, E., Holman, R. R., Sherwin, R., & Zinman, B. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-9025 · Cited by 3,834 · see citing works
Long-Term Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Nathan, D. M. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199306103282306 · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Nathan, D. M., Buse, J. B., Davidson, M. B., Heine, R. J., Holman, R. R., Sherwin, R., & Zinman, B. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-9912 · Cited by 1,195 · see citing works
Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema
Ciulla, T. A., Amador, A. G., & Zinman, B. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.9.2653 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy: XVII
Klein, R., Klein, R., Moss, S. E., & Cruickshanks, K. J. (1998) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(98)91020-x · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Self-citationFong, D. S., Aiello, L. P., Ferris, F. L., & Klein, R. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.10.2540 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Self-citationThe glyoxalase system in health and disease
Thornalley, P. J. (1993) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0098-2997(93)90002-u · Cited by 535 · see citing works
The Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Diabetic Retinopathy in the Australian Population
Tapp, R. J., Shaw, J. E., Harper, C. A., de Courten, M., Balkau, B., McCarty, D. J., Taylor, H. R., Welborn, T. A., Zimmet, P., & on behalf of the AusDiab Study Group (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.6.1731 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
The association of atherosclerosis, vascular risk factors, and retinopathy in adults with diabetes
Klein, R., Sharrett, A. R., Klein, B. E. K., Moss, S. E., Folsom, A. R., Wong, T. Y., Brancati, F. L., Hubbard, L. D., & Couper, D. J. (2002) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(02)01074-6 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical and cost-effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for diabetes
Colquitt, J. L., Green, C., Sidhu, M. S., Hartwell, D., & Waugh, N. (2004) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta8430 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Retinal Vascular Changes in Pre-Diabetes and Prehypertension
Nguyen, T. T., Wang, J. J., & Wong, T. Y. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-0732 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Wahba, G., Wang, Y., Gu, C., Klein, R., & Klein, R. (1995) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1034713638 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of Ocular Disease and Mortality in a Diabetic Population
Klein, R. (1999) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.117.11.1487 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of diabetic retinopathy in an older community
Mitchell, P., Smith, W., Wang, J. J., & Attebo, K. (1998) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(98)93019-6 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Vijan, S., Sussman, J. B., Yudkin, J. S., & Hayward, R. A. (2014) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.2894 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Retinal vascular manifestations of metabolic disorders
Nguyen, T. T. L., & Wong, T. Y. (2006) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2006.07.006 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The Potential Role of PKC β in Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Edema
Aiello, L. P. (2002) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00391-0 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
α-Dicarbonyls Increase in the Postprandial Period and Reflect the Degree of Hyperglycemia
Beisswenger, P. J., Howell, S. K., O’Dell, R. M., WOOD, M. E., Touchette, A. D., & Szwergold, B. S. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.4.726 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Diabetic retinopathy in Victoria, Australia: the Visual Impairment Project
McKay, R. (2000) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.84.8.865 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy
Ferris, F. L., Davis, M. D., & Aiello, L. M. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908263410907 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Klein, R. (2002) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.86.1.84 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetic macular edema, Risk factors and concomitants
de Faria, J. M. L., Jalkh, A. E., Trempe, C. L., et al. (1999) · Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0420.1999.770211.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Biologic Risk Factors Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy
Varma, R., Macias, G. L., Torres, M., Klein, R., Peña, F. Y., & Azen, S. P. (2007) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.10.023 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationFosmark, D. S., Torjesen, P. A., Kilhovd, B. K., Berg, T. J., Sandvik, L., Hanssen, K. F., Agardh, C., & Agardh, E. (2006) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2005.08.017 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The cost-effectiveness of different management strategies for Type I diabetes: a Swiss perspective
Palmer, A. J., Weiss, C., Sendi, P., Neeser, K., Brandt, A., Singh, G., Wenzel, H., & Spinas, G. A. (2000) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050003 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Haffner, S. M., Miettinen, H., & D, M. P. S. M. (1997) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050738 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Impact of pancreas transplantation on diabetic secondary complications and quality of life
Landgraf, R. (1996) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050593 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Lloyd, C. E., Klein, R., Maser, R. E., et al. (1995) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/1056-8727(94)00039-q · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence and magnitude of osteopenia associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Kayath, M. J., Dib, S. A., & Vieira, J. G. H. (1994) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/1056-8727(94)90058-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Parental history of diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors.
Haffner, S. M., D, M. P. S. M., Hazuda, H. P., Mitchell, B. D., Patterson, J. K., & Ferrannini, E. (1989) · Arteriosclerosis An Official Journal of the American Heart Association Inc · doi:10.1161/01.atv.9.6.928 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Diabetic retinopathy: A comprehensive review
Shah, C. (2008) · Indian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.4103/0019-5359.48562 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Glycosylated Hemoglobin and the Risk of Retinopathy in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Warram, J. H., Manson, J. E., & Królewski, A. S. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199505113321915 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy
Phillips, A. O., Janssen, U., & Floege, J. (1999) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000025912 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Retinal microvascular abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction: a systematic review
Ding, J., Patton, N., Deary, I. J., Strachan, M. W. J., Fowkes, F. G. R., Mitchell, R. J., & Price, J. F. (2008) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.141994 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Goodall, I., Colman, P. G., Schneider, H. G., McLean, M. P., & Barker, G. (2007) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2007.158 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
McLaughlin, P. J., Sassani, J. W., Klocek, M. S., et al. (2009) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.08.008 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Predicting Diabetic Control from Competence, Adherence, Adjustment, and Psychopathology
Daviss, W. B., Coon, H. H., WHITEHEAD, P., RYAN, K., BURKLEY, M., & McMahon, W. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199512000-00013 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Eberhardt, M. S., Lackland, D. T., Wheeler, F. C., German, R. R., & Teutsch, S. M. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)90105-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in the Barbados Eye Studies
Leske, M. C., Wu, S., Hennis, A. J. M., Nemesure, B. B., Hyman, L., & SCHACHAT, A. P. (2003) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(03)00086-1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Molyneaux, L. M., Constantino, M., McGill, M. J., Zilkens, R., & Yue, D. K. (1998) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(98)00095-3 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Esteves, J., Kramer, C. K., de Azevedo, M. J., et al. (2009) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/s0104-42302009000300017 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Wheatley, C. M., Baldi, J. C., Cassuto, N. A., Foxx‐Lupo, W. T., & Snyder, E. M. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1663-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Diabetic Retinopathy in Native and Nonnative Canadians
Ross, S. A., McKenna, A. I., Mozejko, S., & Fick, G. H. (2007) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2007/76271 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Moskalets, E., Galstyan, G. R., Starostina, E. G., et al. (1994) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/1056-8727(94)90010-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sundell, J., Laine, H. K., Nuutila, P., Rönnemaa, T., Luotolahti, M., Raitakari, O. T., & Knuuti, J. M. (2002) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0819-4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Voutilainen‐Kaunisto, R., Teräsvirta, M. E., Uusitupa, M. I. J., & NISKANEN, L. K. (2001) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/s1056-8727(00)00126-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Vijan, S. S., Kent, D. M., & Hayward, R. A. (2000) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050017 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Risk factors related to the severity of diabetic retinopathy
Corrêa, Z. M., Freitas, A. M., & Marcon, Í. M. (2003) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27492003000700002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Circulating Immune Complexes among Diabetic Children
Nicoloff, G., Blazhev, A. B., Petrova, C., & Christova, P. (2004) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1080/10446670410001670517 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Nathan, D. M., Buse, J. B., Davidson, M. B., Ferrannini, E., Holman, R. R., Sherwin, R., & Zinman, B. (2009) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/diaspect.22.1.6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kanthan, G. L., Mitchell, P., Burlutsky, G., et al. (2011) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02149.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Özmen, B., & Boyvada, S. (2003) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/s1056-8727(02)00200-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Laser Photocoagulation of Diabetic Macular Edema
Akduman, L., & Olk, R. J. (1997) · Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina · doi:10.3928/1542-8877-19970501-07 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Is there an ethnic difference in the effect of risk factors for diabetic retinopathy?
Haffner, S. M., Mitchell, B. D., Moss, S. E., D, M. P. S. M., Hazuda, H. P., Patterson, J. K., van Heuven, W. A. J., & Klein, R. (1993) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(93)90003-m · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationLim, M. C. C., Lee, S. Y., Cheng, B., Wong, D. W., Ong, S. G., Ang, C. L., & Yeo, I. Y. (2008) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v37n9p753 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Improving Efficacy of Diabetes Management Using Treatment Algorithms in a Mainly Hispanic Population
Fanning, E. L., Selwyn, B. J., Larme, A. C., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.7.1638 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Rodrigues, T. D. C., Pecis, M., de Azevedo, M. J., et al. (2006) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.03.016 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Haffner, S. M. (1997) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/s1056-8727(96)00099-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Landry, M. P., Herring, I. P., & Panciera, D. L. (2004) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.2004.225.709 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Prevention of Visual Loss From Diabetic Retinopathy
Klein, R. (2002) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(02)00388-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationWeber, C., & Neeser, K. (2006) · Disease Management · doi:10.1089/dis.2006.9.242 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Implications of blood glucose, insulin resistance and β-cell function in impaired glucose tolerance
Göke, B. (1998) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(98)00037-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Giusti, C. (2000) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.84.6.591 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Determinants of albuminuria in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Pijls, L. T. J., de Vries, H., Kriegsman, D. M. W., et al. (2001) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(00)00246-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
BIAS IN THE EVALUATION OF DNA-AMPLIFICATION TESTS FOR DETECTINGCHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS
Hadgu, A. (1997) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19970630)16:12 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic factors and the foveal avascular zone of the retina in diabetes mellitus
Conrath, J., Giorgi, R., Ridings, B., et al. (2005) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70217-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Preti, R. C., da Motta, A. A. L., Júnior, O. D. O. M., et al. (2010) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27492010000300006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Diabetic Retinopathy and Nephropathy
Klein, R. (2007) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-153-6_27 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationThe prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Faisalabad, Pakistan: a population-based study
Hussain, F., ARIF, M., & Ahmad, M. (2011) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/sag-1002-589 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Computer Programs and Datasheets
Holl, R. W. (1998) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000053108 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Diabetes screening in South Korea: a new estimate of the number needed to screen to detect diabetes
Ha, K. H., Lee, K. A., Han, K., Moon, M. K., & Kim, D. J. (2022) · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.3904/kjim.2022.283 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ohno, T., Ando, J., Ōno, M., et al. (2006) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2006.09.021 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Change in glycemia in a four-year interval in younger-onset insulin-dependent diabetes
Klein, R., Moss, S. E., & Klein, B. E. K. (1992) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(92)90061-t · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationPhadnis, P., Kamble, M., Daigavane, S. V., et al. (2017) · Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University · doi:10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_59_17 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
NAKAMURRA, T., Imamura, K., Takebe, K., et al. (1994) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.174.49 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Glucose control guidelines: current concepts
Barranco, J. G. (1998) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0261-5614(98)80013-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ocular echography in the prognosis of vitreous haemorrhage in type II diabetes mellitus
Capeáns, C., Santos, L., Touriño, R., et al. (1997) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1023/a:1006077518433 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
La rétinopathie diabétique du sujet jeune: l'enfant et l'adolescent
Mehidi, A. B., Massin, P., Guyot-Argenton, C., et al. (2003) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70041-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Association of HbA1c levels with diabetic retinopathy
Singh, C., Prasad, S. P., Kaul, S., et al. (2021) · Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.18231/j.ijceo.2021.067 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Medical Treatment of Retinopathy of Type-2 Diabetes
Cunha-Vaz, J. G. (2004) · Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1159/000079469 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chu, N., Lee, M. M.-S., Wang, D.-J., et al. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90055-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Current and future approaches in the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy
Sarraf, D. (2008) · Clinical ophthalmology · doi:10.2147/opth.s736 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Durability of Glycemic Control: A Feature of the Thiazolidinediones
Serdy, S., & Abrahamson, M. J. (2004) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/152091504773731366 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Serum Prolactin Level and Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Prolactin and Diabetic Retinopathy
Shokoofeh, B. (2012) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.4172/2155-6156.1000173 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gulliford, M. C., Dodhia, H., Sivaprasad, S., & Ashworth, M. J. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010424 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Odds ratio estimation in Bernoulli smoothing spline analysis- of-variance models
Wang, Y. (1997) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.1111/1467-9884.00058 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Allen, D. B., Cornwell, S. T., Liston, L. A., et al. (1991) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/0168-8227(91)90055-i · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Diagnosing Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Insulin Resistance Syndrome
Barb, D., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2006) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-985-1_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Investigation of prolactin-related vasoinhibin in sera from patients with diabetic retinopathy
Triebel, J. (2010) · doi:10.53846/goediss-833 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Relevance of measuring red blood cell disaggregability in insulin-dependent diabetic patients
Bucherer, C., Lacombe, C., Lelièvre, J. C., et al. (1992) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/1056-8727(92)90033-h · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Management of Metabolic Acidosis in the Post-Cardiac Surgical Patient
Francis, J., Prothasis, S., Varghese, R., et al. (2020) · Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.33805/2639.6807.128 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Retinal Vascular Changes as Biomarkers of Systemic Cardiovascular Diseases
Cheung, N., Wong, T. Y., & Hodgson, L. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420037005.ch7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of diabetic retinopathy
Bedi, R., Habbu, K., & Singh, R. P. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08329-2_1
The Role of Protein Kinase C in Diabetic Retinal Vascular Abnormalities
Sun, J. K., & King, G. L. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6780-8_10
Pittas, A. G. (2003) · Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1309/yxk0gfm173w7dm8a
Importance of Blood Glucose Monitoring to Achieve Short and Long-Term Glycemic Control
Coleman, L. T. (1999) · Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.1999.5.6.543
- Authors
- Klein, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klein, Ronald
- Venue
- JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1988-11-18
- Volume
- 260
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 2864
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2034900477
- Cited by
- 528
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 19.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (P30-AM AG-26659)
- National Eye Institute (EY0-3083)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Keywords
- HbA1c, diabetic retinopathy, hyperglycemia, retinopathy incidence, retinopathy progression, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, insulin therapy, diabetes duration
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Retinopathy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Male, Physical Examination, Prognosis, Models, Statistical, Cohort Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
