Cited by 625Sleep and related disordersAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesObstructive Sleep Apnea Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Treatment of Chronic Primary Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Edinger, Jack D., Wohlgemuth, William K., Radtke, Rodney A., Marsh, Gail R., Quillian, Ruth E.·2001·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.285.14.1856

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

CONTEXT: Use of nonpharmacological behavioral therapy has been suggested for treatment of chronic primary insomnia, but well-blinded, placebo-controlled trials demonstrating effective behavioral therapy for sleep-maintenance insomnia are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of a hybrid cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared with both a first-generation behavioral treatment and a placebo therapy for treating primary sleep-maintenance insomnia. DESIGN AND SETTING: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted at a single academic medical center, with recruitment from January 1995 to July 1997. PATIENTS: Seventy-five adults (n = 35 women; mean age, 55.3 years) with chronic primary sleep-maintenance insomnia (mean duration of symptoms, 13.6 years). INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive CBT (sleep education, stimulus control, and time-in-bed restrictions; n = 25), progressive muscle relaxation training (RT; n = 25), or a quasi-desensitization (placebo) treatment (n = 25). Outpatient treatment lasted 6 weeks, with follow-up conducted at 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Objective (polysomnography) and subjective (sleep log) measures of total sleep time, middle and terminal wake time after sleep onset (WASO), and sleep efficiency; questionnaire measures of global insomnia symptoms, sleep-related self-efficacy, and mood. RESULTS: Cognitive behavioral therapy produced larger improvements across the majority of outcome measures than did RT or placebo treatment. For example, sleep logs showed that CBT-treated patients achieved an average 54% reduction in their WASO whereas RT-treated and placebo-treated patients, respectively, achieved only 16% and 12% reductions in this measure. Recipients of CBT also showed a greater normalization of sleep and subjective symptoms than did the other groups with an average sleep time of more than 6 hours, middle WASO of 26.6 minutes, and sleep efficiency of 85.1%. In contrast, RT-treated patients continued to report a middle WASO of 43.3 minutes and sleep efficiency of 78.8%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that CBT represents a viable intervention for primary sleep-maintenance insomnia. This treatment leads to clinically significant sleep improvements within 6 weeks and these improvements appear to endure through 6 months of follow-up.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jama.285.14.1856

Cites

36 of 36 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
A manual for standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep stages in human subjects
Rechtschaffen, A. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,772
Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 · Cited by 11,696
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders
Daroff, R. B. (1991) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.41.1.160 · Cited by 5,023
Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. An opportunity for prevention?
Ford, D. E. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.262.11.1479 · Cited by 2,440
Credibility of analogue therapy rationales
Borkovec, T. D., & Nau, S. D. (1972) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(72)90045-6 · Cited by 1,553 · cited 1×
“Treatment credibility was assessed via responses (Likert ratings) to the 7-item Therapy Evaluation Questionnaire (TEQ).(50) The TEQ’s first 5 questions assess perceived logic of and confidence in a treatment, willingness to repeat the treatment, and likelihood the treatment will help others.”
Method
Nonpharmacological interventions for insomnia: a meta-analysis of treatment efficacy
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1172 · Cited by 1,098 · cited 1×
“Firstgeneration behavioral therapies, designed to correct sleep-disruptive habits (eg, stimulus control) or reduce bedtime arousal (eg, relaxation training [RT]), have proven very effective for treating sleep onset problems, but their results among the larger PPI subgroup reporting sleep maintenance complaints have be…”
Background
Insomnia and Its Treatment: Prevalence and Correlates
Mellinger, G. D. (1985) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790260019002 · Cited by 1,071
Psychotropic Drug Use and the Risk of Hip Fracture
Ray, W. A., Griffin, M. R., Schaffner, W., Baugh, D. K., & Melton, L. J. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198702123160702 · Cited by 1,006
Treatment of Chronic Insomnia by Restriction of Time in Bed
(1987) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/10.1.45 · Cited by 948

Show all 37 references

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 622

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Insomnia
Shallcross, A. J., & Visvanathan, P. D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29866-5_3 · Cited by 8
“Effect sizes for MBTI are comparable to those found for other behavioral interventions for insomnia [ 42 , 43 ], and MBTI appears to be superior to MBSR for reducing selfreported severity of insomnia symptoms over the long term.”
Method
Insomnia: Sleep Restriction Therapy
Spielman, A. J., Yang, C., & Glovinsky, P. B. (2010) · Medical psychiatry · doi:10.3109/9781420080803.025 · Cited by 7
Tinnitus and Sleep
Crönlein, T., Geisler, P., & Hajak, G. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-145-5_65 · Cited by 7
“Several studies have shown that CBT has a positive and long-lasting effect on primary insomnia [29, 36 ].”
Background
Usefulness of psychoeducational intervention in chronic insomnia: an actigraphic study
Quintiliani, M. I., Imperatori, C., Testani, E., Losurdo, A., Tamburello, S., Contardi, A., Marca, G. D., & Farina, B. (2017) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2017.1417563 · Cited by 7
“As suggested by several scholars, sleep-related maladaptive attitudes and beliefs (such as sleep misperception) are involved in maintaining chronic insomnia and they represent an important target for its treatment (Edinger et al., 2001; Tang & Harvey, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Sommeil, insomnie et psychopathologie.
Morin, C. M., Bélanger, L., & Fortier-Brochu, É. (2006) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cp2006016 · Cited by 10
Cognitive behavioural therapy monotherapy for insomnia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Wang, Y.-Y., Yang, Y., Rao, W., Zhang, S.-F., Zeng, L., Zheng, W., Ng, C. H., Ungvari, G. S., Zhang, L., & Xiang, Y. (2019) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.10.008 · Cited by 6
Children and young people who present with sleep deprivation: An initial exploratory study using the Delphi technique with reference to potential competencies required for the initial training of educational psychologists
et, J. A., & Tyldesley, K. (2019) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2019.36.3.77 · Cited by 6
The Contribution of Mentalization-Based Theory and Practice for Understanding and Treating Self-Injurious Behavior in Young People
Balzen, K. M., & Sharp, C. (2024) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2024.2311555 · Cited by 7
“The authors also propose that Behavioral Activation (Martell et al., 2001) may assist in increasing the participation in social activities and lead to building greater social connections, while the reduction in insomnia in CBT for Insomnia (Edinger et al., 2001) might improve symptoms of isolation and thwarted belongi…”
Background
Insomnia treatments: moving from efficacy to effectiveness
Haynes, P. L., & Bootzin, R. R. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20735 · Cited by 8
State of the Art Reviews: Nonpharmacologic Approaches for the Treatment of Insomnia
Lynch, A. M., Jarvis, C. I., DeBellis, R. J., & Morin, A. K. (2007) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827607301397 · Cited by 6
Chapter 4. Dementia and Milder Cognitive Syndromes
Lyketsos, C. G. (2013) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370016.mt04 · Cited by 6
Are Patients with Childhood Onset of Insomnia and Depression More Difficult to Treat Than Are Those with Adult Onsets of These Disorders? A Report from the TRIAD Study
Edinger, J. D., Manber, R., Buysse, D. J., Krystal, A. D., Thase, M. E., Gehrman, P. R., Fairholme, C. P., Luther, J. F., & Wisniewski, S. R. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.6448 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
A randomized phase II trial evaluating two non-pharmacologic interventions in cancer survivors for the treatment of sleep-wake disturbances: NCCTG N07C4 (Alliance)
Barton, D. L., Atherton, P. J., Satele, D., Qin, R., Dakhil, S. R., Pipe, T. B., Hobday, T. J., Fee-Schroeder, K., & Loprinzi, C. L. (2020) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-020-05461-6 · Cited by 6
NHG-Standaard Slaapproblemen en slaapmiddelen
Knuistingh, N. A., Lucassen, P. L., Bonsema, K., Teunissen, H., Verduijn, M. M., & Bouma, M. (2011) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-8279-8_51 · Cited by 6
Investigation of negative emotions and sleep quality in gastric cancer patients and intervention strategies
Wang, G., Zhang, Q., & Pan, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1536736 · Cited by 5
“Chemotherapy-induced side effects, such as fatigue, nausea, and neuropathy, may lead to sleep disturbances, while the psychological burden of aggressive treatment may exacerbate anxiety and depression (47, 48).”
The Effectiveness of Digital Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Treat Insomnia Disorder in US Adults: Nationwide Decentralized Randomized Controlled Trial
Prather, A. A., Krystal, A. D., Emsley, R., Carl, J. R., Ball, T. M., Tarnai, K., Aguilera, A., Espie, C. A., & Henry, A. L. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/84323 · Cited by 8
“Initial analyses revealed that study participants, on average, reported at least seven hours of sleep, which is higher than in several other similar trials [33,66,67] and could indicate minimal room for improvement in SOL and WASO despite high overall insomnia severity.”
Adjunctive smart ring monitoring during digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia
Moon, D. U., Lee, Y., Lütt, A., Lee, S., & Lee, E. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-24312-0 · Cited by 4
Treatment of Fatigue and Sleep Disorders in Cancer Patients
Goforth, H. W., & Davis, M. P. (2014) · The Cancer Journal · doi:10.1097/ppo.0000000000000070 · Cited by 5
“Generally, most cognitive therapy occurs over a 12- to 16-week period and has been noted to have both immediate and lasting effect upon sleep measures—even up to a year following cessation of formal therapy.(38,42,46) One of the advantages of CBT is that it is a standardized psychotherapy technique, and cognitive and…”
Background
Therapeutic efficacy of zolpidem combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy on primary insomnia
Song, Y., & Liang, B. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000017122 · Cited by 3
Exploring sleep difficulties, alcohol, illicit drugs, and suicidal ideation among adolescents with a history of depression
Robbins, R., Weaver, M. D., Quan, S. F., Logan, R. W., Czeisler, C. A., & DiClemente, R. J. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116116 · Cited by 5
Predictors of Interest in Psychological Treatment for Insomnia Among Older Primary Care Patients With Disturbed Sleep
Cahn, S. C., Langenbucher, J. W., Friedman, M., Reavey, P., Falco, T., & Pallay, R. (2005) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0302_3 · Cited by 5
The Efficacy and Safety of Long-Term Use of Hypnotics
Yang, K. I., & Hwangbo, Y. (2010) · Journal of Korean Sleep Research Society · doi:10.13078/jksrs.10005 · Cited by 5
“CBT에 대한 RCT에서는 CBT가 SOL 감소 및 수면의 효 율성(sleep efficiency, SE) 증가에 유의한 것으로 나타났 다.(8,9) 수면 유지가 어려운 만성 불면증 환자 75명을 대상으”
Clinical Handbook of Insomnia (Current Clinical Neurology)
Attarian, H. P. (2003) · Cited by 5
Soldiers' Perspectives of Insomnia Behavioral Treatment in a Primary Care Setting
Ee, J. S. (2016) · Journal of Sleep Disorders and Management · doi:10.23937/2572-4053.1510012 · Cited by 5
Improving Adherence to PAP Therapy: an Update
Crew, E. C., Wohlgemuth, W. K., & Wallace, D. M. (2019) · Current Pulmonology Reports · doi:10.1007/s13665-019-0220-0 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
Perlis, M. L., Smith, M. T., Jungquist, C. R., Nowakowski, S., Orff, H. J., & Soeffing, J. P. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-662-1_13 · Cited by 8
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Chronic Insomnia
Findley, J., & Perlis, M. L. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1185-1_7 · Cited by 5
“Second, patients treated with CBT-I continue to improve over followup periods as long as 24 months [ 9 , 10 ].”
Background
Comparative Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Therapy in Sleep Quality of Chronic Insomnia Compared to Standard Cognitive Behavioral Therapy [CBT-I]: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Siritienthong, J., Awirutworakul, T., & Vallibhakara, S. A.-O. (2018) · Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand · Cited by 5
Supporting self-experimentation of behavior change strategies
Lee, J. (2013) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2494091.2501090 · Cited by 5
The Neuropharmacology of Sleep Disorders: Better Sleeping Through Chemistry?
Suhl, J. (2007) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/0897190007305149 · Cited by 4
“If the above measures fail to resolve chronic insomnia, a variety of other behavioral measures, collectively termed cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), have been shown to be helpful and are comparable to drug treatment.(17,18) CBT includes techniques for relaxation, NEUROPHARMACOLOGY OF SLEEP DISORDERS”
Method
Changing perspectives in the nutritional management of disease
Madden, A. M. (2003) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2003296 · Cited by 5
The management of insomnia: an update
Tiller, J. W. G. (2003) · Australian Prescriber · doi:10.18773/austprescr.2003.061 · Cited by 5
“Cognitive behaviour therapy techniques can also assist some patients.(2,3,4)”
Background
New Approaches in Managing Chronic Insomnia
Neubauer, D. (2006) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900026687 · Cited by 7
Psychiatric Treatment
Prasad, R., Ramezani, A., McCarron, R. M., & Malcore, S. A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18005-8_17 · Cited by 5
Chapter 5. Mood Disorders
Steffens, D. C., Blazer, D. G., & Beyer, J. L. (2013) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370016.mt05 · Cited by 4
Intervenciones no farmacológicas en el insomnio primario: la evidencia de los ensayos clínicos controlados en los últimos diez años (1998–2008)
Ramos, S. A. T., & Muñoz, M. D. C. L. (2011) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · doi:10.1016/s0034-7450(14)60126-8 · Cited by 4
“En las intervenciones combinadas se encontró que 26 (70%) utilizaron técnicas cognitivo conductuales (TCC) o una combinación de algunas de sus técnicas, como higiene de sueño (HS) más restricción de sueño (RS), y biblioterapia cognitivo conductual más consultas telefónicas semanales (21,22,25-28,30,31,33,35-51).”
Background
Self management and factors associated with the impact of insomnia among older adults with chronic medical illnesses at outpatient clinic
Limpawattana, P., Euawiriyanukool, W., & Sawanyawisuth, K. (2014) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2013.11.014 · Cited by 4
“These methods are not recommended by cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia [18].”
Method
Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy of Insomnia on Korean College Students
이재정, & Heecheon, S. (2011) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.12.2.201104.693 · Cited by 4
Evaluating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Baik, K. D. (2015) · ScholarWorks@BGSU (Bowling Green State University) · Cited by 4
Development and Validation of a Training Program Using a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approach with the Purpose of Enabling Community Pharmacists to Provide Empathic Patient Counseling
Tanuma, K., Watanabe, F., Maeda, H., Shiina, M., Hara, K., & Kamei, M. (2017) · YAKUGAKU ZASSHI · doi:10.1248/yakushi.16-00083 · Cited by 4
The Internet and CBT: A New Clinical Application of an Effective Therapy
Gratzer, D., Khalid-Khan, F., & Balasingham, S. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.72146 · Cited by 6
New Method for Insomnia Mongolian Mind–Body Interactive Psychotherapy in the Assessment of Chronic Insomnia: A Retrospective Study
He, N., Wu, L., Jiang, A., Jia, H., Bao, S., Bao, L., Qin, A., Bao, O., Bao, S., Wang, N., et al. (2018) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-018-0726-9 · Cited by 4
“Pharmacologic treatment has a high chance of producing side effects [2], but nonpharmacologic therapies could bring a long-lasting and reliable increase in the quality of sleep among people with chronic insomnia and have minimal side effects [3].”
Background
Wake after Sleep Onset Time Moderated Age-related Emotional Memory Bias
Xie, X., Xu, Y., Wang, R., Lei, X., & Yu, J. (2021) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2021.1985359 · Cited by 4
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia
Baron, K. G., Perlis, M. L., Nowakowski, S., Smith, M. T., Jungquist, C. R., & Orff, H. J. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41400-3_6 · Cited by 4
Reduction of Sleep Medications via a Combined Digital Insomnia and Pharmacist-Led Deprescribing Intervention: Protocol for a Feasibility Trial
Bramoweth, A. D., Hough, C. E., McQuillan, A. D., Spitznogle, B. L., Thorpe, C. T., Lickel, J. J., Boudreaux-Kelly, M. Y., Hamm, M., & Germain, A. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/47636 · Cited by 5
The Interrelations Between Sleep and Fear/Anxiety
Babson, K. A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417188-6.00007-4 · Cited by 5
Chapter 10. Individual and Group Psychotherapy
Lynch, T. R., Epstein, D. E., & Smoski, M. J. (2013) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370016.mt10 · Cited by 4
Problems With Sleep: What Should The Doctor Do?
Lippmann, S., Yusufzie, K., Nawbary, M. W., Voronovitch, L., & Matsenko, O. (2003) · Comprehensive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12019-003-0003-x · Cited by 4
Online treatment of insomnia using behavioral techniques
Hofman, W. F., & Kumar, A. (2010) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 4
Treatment options for Insomnia
Hedges, C., & Ruggiero, J. S. (2011) · The Nurse Practitioner · doi:10.1097/01.npr.0000408276.28016.fb · Cited by 4
“The effectiveness of CBT has been supported in clinical trials, but the therapy is not available in all medical centers.(20,21) In addition to CBT, the NP can educate the patient about healthy sleep practices and sleep hygiene measures that promote sleep.”
Background
Chapter 8. Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorders
Krystal, A. D., Edinger, J. D., & Wohlgemuth, W. K. (2013) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370016.mt08 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Nature and Treatment of Insomnia
Morin, C. M., Savard, J., & Ouellet, M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop209014 · Cited by 4
The efficacy of homoeopathic simillimum in the treatment of chronic primary insomnia
Maharaj, A. (2005) · doi:10.51415/10321/52 · Cited by 4
CBT-I and the short sleep duration insomnia phenotype: a comment on Bathgate, Edinger and Krystal
Bastien, C., Ellis, J. G., & Grandner, M. A. (2017) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2017.04.27 · Cited by 4
“Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) has been used in numerous studies and its long-term efficacy has been recognized (6-9).”
Applying a mobile intervention for chronic insomnia in routine care: Study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial
Moon, D. U., Kim, J., Sun, J. H., & Lee, Y. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100848 · Cited by 3
“Multiple studies have confirmed its long-term effectiveness in improving sleep outcomes, with benefits extending beyond symptom management to reducing reliance on pharmacological treatments (Koffel et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2015; Smith et al., 2002; Edinger et al., 2001; Backhaus et al., 2001).”
Efficacy and safety of non-pharmacological therapies for primary insomnia: a network meta-analysis
Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., Yang, G., Zhu, M.-Y., Yang, J.-H., Li, L., Yan, X., Liu, Q., Yue, J., Li, X., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1607903 · Cited by 3
Management of Acute Concussion in a Deployed Military Setting
Johnson, M. L., Hawley, J. S., & Theeler, B. J. (2014) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-014-0311-8 · Cited by 3
“Time to relax”: considerations on relaxation training for insomnia disorder
Marques, D. R. (2019) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-018-00203-y · Cited by 3
Changes in sleep effort mediate insomnia severity in older adults following online cognitive behavioural therapy
Kutzer, Y., Whitehead, L., Quigley, E., & Stanley, M. J. (2024) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.13074 · Cited by 3
Neurophysiology and Molecular Basis of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Patients with Insomnia: Implications for Non-Pharmacological Approaches
Zhang, G., Wang, S., Ma, P., & Pan, J. (2024) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2311200 · Cited by 4
Examining the cardiovascular symptoms in adults living with chronic insomnia
Fredericks, S., Sidani, S., Miranda, J., & Fox, M. T. (2016) · British Journal of Cardiac Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjca.2016.11.9.430 · Cited by 3
Novedades en el tratamiento del insomnio
Estivill, E., & Segarra, F. (2003) · FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/s1134-2072(03)75857-5 · Cited by 3
Behavioral treatment of insomnia
Means, M. K., & Edinger, J. D. (2002) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2.1.127 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Recent changes in the concept of treatment of insomnia
Kim, L. (2015) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2015.58.4.321 · Cited by 3
“현재 불면증에 대한 인지행동치료의 최신기법은 수면위생, 자극조절치료, 수면제한법, 인지치료를 연합시킨 복합 프로그램을 말한다 [36,42].”
Insomnia in Chronic Pain
Wickwire, E. M., & Smith, M. T. (2010) · Medical psychiatry · doi:10.3109/9781420080803.014 · Cited by 3
Clinical Management of Menopause-Related Sleep Disturbance
Mathews, S. B., & Epperson, C. N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42451-4_6 · Cited by 4
Nature and Treatment of Insomnia
Morin, C. M., & Benca, R. M. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7506-7584-0.00026-4 · Cited by 3
Chapter 7. Anxiety Disorders
Lenze, E. J., Wetherell, J. L., & Andreescu, C. (2013) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370016.mt07 · Cited by 4
Self-management associated with fatigue in patients with advanced cancer : a prospective longitudinal study
Chan, R. J. (2014) · Cited by 3
Cognitive behavioral therapy for adult insomnia disorder in routine clinical care: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Öst, L., Brattmyr, M., Enebrink, P., Finnes, A., Ghaderi, A., Hansdóttir, I., Havnen, A., Njarðvík, U., Salomonsson, S., & Wergeland, G. J. (2025) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2025.2588173 · Cited by 2
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Insomnia
Parfenova, E. V. (2020) · Russian neurological Journal · doi:10.30629/2658-7947-2019-24-6-14-20 · Cited by 2
Impacts of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Sleep Pattern
Rabiei, S., & Nazari, M. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2022.01557 · Cited by 2
Factors influencing the effectiveness of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for chronic insomnia in clinical practice
Shi, Y., Ren, R., Zhang, Y., Vitiello, M. V., & Tang, X. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14077 · Cited by 2
“…32% – 58% remission rates and significantly improves sleep outcomes such as sleep latency (SL), wake after sleep onset (WASO), sleep efficiency (SE), and total sleep time (TST), with significant immediate and long-term efficacy (Edinger et al., 2001; Mitchell et al., 2012; Perlis et al., 2022).”
Sleep Treatment Education Program for Cancer Survivors: Protocol for an Efficacy Trial
Bice, B., Michaud, A. L., McCormick, K. G., Miklos, E. M., Descombes, I. D., Medeiros-Nancarrow, C., Zhou, E. S., & Recklitis, C. J. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/60762 · Cited by 2
Integrating the Memory Support Intervention into the Transdiagnostic Intervention for Sleep and Circadian Dysfunction (TranS-C): can improving memory for treatment in midlife and older adults improve patient outcomes? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Milner, A. E., Hache, R. E., Oliver, S., Sarfan, L. D., Spencer, J. M., Cogan, A. B., Jiang, Y., Agnew, E. R., Zieve, G. G., Martin, J. L., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08468-0 · Cited by 2
“Following previous research in the field [137], a checklist of treatment elements specific to TranS-C was devised.”
Method
Effect of a cognitive behavioural therapy intervention to improve sleep on food preferences: A randomized controlled trial in adults with overweight and obesity
Merchant, A. M., Gray, S. R., Gray, C. M., Finlayson, G., Manyara, A. M., Trisotti, M. F. G., & Gill, J. M. R. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.108022 · Cited by 3
“…by the PSQI and ESS, consistent with other studies finding that CBTi is an effective intervention to improve a range of subjective sleep variables (Edinger et al., 2001; Edinger & Means, 2005; Haynes et al., 2018; Krystal & Edinger, 2008; Lovato et al., 2016; Lovato & Lack, 2019; Morgenthaler et…”
Predictors and moderators of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy for insomnia disorder
Sunnhed, R., Hesser, H., Carlbring, P., Harvey, A. G., & Jansson‐Fröjmark, M. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106611 · Cited by 2
Primary Insomnia and Sleep Apnea in Pediatric and Adult Populations
Simon, S. L., Duncan, C. L., & Mentrikoski, J. M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09817-3_21 · Cited by 2
Nichtmedikamentöse Verfahren in der Insomniebehandlung. Verhaltenstherapie bietet eine Alternative
Crönlein, T., & Hajak, G. (2007) · Pharmazie in unserer Zeit · doi:10.1002/pauz.200600222 · Cited by 2
Brain Fag Syndrome (BFS), Sleep, And Beliefs About Sleep Among Secondary School Students In Nigeria
Ola, B. A., & Igbokwe David, O. (2012) · ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry · Cited by 2
Sleep and HIV Disease
Phillips, K., & Gunther, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_22 · Cited by 3
TESTING A LOW-INTENSITY AND ACCESSIBLE COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR INSOMNIA (CBT-I) INTERVENTION IN INDIVIDUALS NEWLY DIAGNOSED WITH CANCER
Agyemang, A. A. (2016) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/vstx-e507 · Cited by 2
Changes in affect, physical activity, physical health, and sleep in cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety: A pilot study
Brown, L. A., Narine, K., Asnaani, A., Bredemeier, K., & Mu, W. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2021.12.006 · Cited by 2
Behavioral Treatment of Insomnia
Edinger, J. D., & Carney, C. E. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9781420019926-8 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Diagnostic Tools for Insomnia
Manber, R., Ong, J. C., & Carlyle, E. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9781420019926-6 · Cited by 2
Sleep Disorder Management in Developing Countries
Safwan, J., Shrayteh, Z., Akel, M., Hajj, A., & Sacre, H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74786-2_42-1 · Cited by 2
Symptom Cluster Profiles in Adults with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Insomnia
Jun, J., Park, C. G., Fritschi, C., Izci‐Balserak, B., Martyn-Nemeth, P. A., Kuna, S. T., & Kapella, M. C. (2023) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459231184709 · Cited by 2
The effect of sleep restriction treatment on quality of sleep, sleep medication intake, and daytime function among the elderly who were members of Shiraz Jahandidegan canter in 2010.
Khankeh, H. R., Ahmadi, S., Mohammadi, F., Fallahi, M., Khodaie, M., & Alipour, F. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 2
Nature, Evaluation, and Treatment of Insomnia
Morin, C. M., & Benca, R. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_37 · Cited by 4
The Effects of Changes in Sleep Schedule Variability on First-Year College Students
Blank, Y. (2015) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 2
The options available in cognitive behavioral therapy to prevent chronification of insomnia
Crönlein, T., & Zulley, J. (2011) · The EPMA Journal · doi:10.1007/s13167-011-0095-9 · Cited by 2
“Studies so far show that CBT-I is more effective than no treatment [49, 50] and than PMR and Placebo [51].”
Background
Short-Term and Group Treatment Approaches
McCrae, C. S., Dautovich, N. D., & Dzierzewski, J. M. (2010) · Medical psychiatry · doi:10.3109/9781420080803.028 · Cited by 2
Primary insomnia
Morin, C. M. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0217-3_17 · Cited by 2
Cognitive therapy for insomnia
Soehner, A., Kaplan, K., Kanady, J., & Harvey, A. G. (2023) · Encyclopedia of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00016-5 · Cited by 1
A History of Nonpharmacological Treatments for Insomnia
Spielman, A. J., & Glovinsky, P. B. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2089-1_58 · Cited by 1
Insomnia: An Update on Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Non-pharmacological Management
Francis, A. (2024) · Indian Journal of Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10069-0131 · Cited by 1
“69 Cognitive behavior therapy-I has been found to be superior to medical management in obtaining long-term results.”
Development of a Mobile App (iCANSleep) to Treat Insomnia in Cancer Survivors: User-Centered Design Study
Garland, S. N., Kutana, S., Piedalue, K.-A. L., Lee, R. M., Rash, J. A., & Cerallo, G. (2025) · JMIR Cancer · doi:10.2196/74387 · Cited by 1
Ein neues standardisiertes Kurzzeitprogramm zur Behandlung von Schlafstörungen bei Tinnituspatienten
Crönlein, T., Langguth, B., Täuber, S., Kurzbuch, K., Kleinjung, T., Geisler, P., Klein, H. E., & Hajak, G. (2010) · University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) · doi:10.5283/pf.42 · Cited by 1
“Schlafstörung [3, 12, 33].”
Insomnia and chronic pain
Etscheidt, M. A., & Sloan, P. A. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107281950.067 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Strategies for Managing Anxiety and Insomnia
Carney, C. E., & Edinger, J. D. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1434-7_8 · Cited by 1
“Early CBT trials used psychoeducation exclusively as a cognitive tool ( Edinger, Wohlgemuth, Radtke, Marsh, & Quillian, 2001 ).”
MethodSelf-citation

Authors: Edinger, J. D., Wohlgemuth, W. K., Radtke, R. A., Marsh, G. R., & Quillian, R. E.
Affiliations: Durham VA Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Edinger, Jack D.
Radtke, Rodney A.
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2001-04-11
Volume: 285
Issue: 14
Pages: 1856
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.285.14.1856
OpenAlex: W2090423345
Cited by: 625
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 28.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH48187, R01MH048187)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
Keywords: cognitive behavioral therapy, chronic primary insomnia, sleep maintenance insomnia, progressive muscle relaxation, stimulus control, sleep education, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency, non-pharmacological treatment
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Relaxation Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Polysomnography

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Treatment of Chronic Primary Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks