The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Retinal Arteriolar Narrowing and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Middle-aged Persons
Abstract
CONTEXT: Microvascular processes have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but prospective clinical data regarding this hypothesis are unavailable. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation of retinal arteriolar narrowing, a marker of microvascular damage from aging, hypertension, and inflammation, to incident diabetes in healthy middle-aged persons. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, an ongoing population-based, prospective cohort study in 4 US communities that began in 1987-1989. Included in this analysis were 7993 persons aged 49 to 73 years without diabetes, of whom retinal photographs were taken during the third examination (1993-1995). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incident diabetes (defined as fasting glucose levels of > or =126 mg/dL [7.0 mmol/L], casual levels of > or =200 mg/dL [11.1 mmol/L], diabetic medications use, or physician diagnosis of diabetes at the fourth examination) by quartile of retinal arteriole-to-venule ratio (AVR). RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 3.5 years, 291 persons (3.6%) had incident diabetes. The incidence of diabetes was higher in persons with lower AVR at baseline (2.4%, 3.1%, 4.0%, and 5.2%, from highest to lowest AVR quartile; P for trend < .001). After controlling for fasting glucose and insulin levels, family history of diabetes, adiposity, physical activity, blood pressure, and other factors, persons in the lowest quartile of AVR were 71% more likely to develop diabetes than those in the highest quartile (odds ratio [OR], 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-2.57; P for trend =.002). This association persisted with different diagnostic criteria (OR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.10-3.36; P for trend =.01, using a fasting glucose level of > or =141 mg/dL [7.8 mmol/L] as a cutoff), and was seen even in people at lower risk of diabetes, including those without a family history of diabetes, without impaired fasting glucose, and with lower measures of adiposity. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal arteriolar narrowing is independently associated with risk of diabetes, supporting a microvascular role in the development of clinical diabetes.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Prediabetes status may be associated with an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy although the findings vary depending on the method of detection.51,79–83”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [82]
In the citing paper
“Measures of retinal vascular changes, such as lower arteriole-to-venule ratio, increased retinal arteriole or venular calibre, have also been shown to be related to prediabetes or increased risk of diabetes, but the evidence is not entirely consistent.81–83”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [82]
Citations
Cites
C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Pradhan, A. D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.3.327 · Cited by 4,433
A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies
Baecke, J. A. H., BUREMA, J., & Frijters, J. E. R. (1982) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.5.936 · Cited by 3,950
(1989) · PubMed · Cited by 3,139
Harris, M. I., Flegal, K. M., Cowie, C. C., Eberhardt, M. S., Goldstein, D. E., Little, R. R., Wiedmeyer, H.-M., & Byrd-Holt, D. D. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.4.518 · Cited by 2,703
Hubbard, L. D., Brothers, R. J., King, W. N., Clegg, L. X., Klein, R., Cooper, L. S., Sharrett, A. R., Davis, M. D., & Cai, J. (1999) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(99)90525-0 · Cited by 1,212
Schmidt, M. I., Duncan, B. B., Sharrett, A. R., Lindberg, G., Savage, P. J., Offenbacher, S., Azambuja, M. I. R., Tracy, R. P., & HEISS, G. M. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01046-6 · Cited by 1,080
Laakso, M., Edelman, S. V., Brechtel, G., & Baron, A. D. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci114644 · Cited by 930
Microvascular and macrovascular reactivity is reduced in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes.
Caballero, A. E., Arora, S., Saouaf, R., Lim, S. C., Smakowski, P., Park, J. Y., King, G. L., LoGerfo, F. W., Horton, E. S., & Veves, A. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.9.1856 · Cited by 647
Wong, T. Y., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Tielsch, J. M., Hubbard, L. D., & Nieto, F. J. (2001) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(01)00234-x · Cited by 636
Self-citationGirard, B. (2008) · Cited by 618
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 319
Childhood Vascular Risk Factors and Retinal Vessel Caliber
Cheung, N., Saw, S., Liew, G., Liu, E. Y., Hodgson, L., Mitchell, P. L. R., & Wong, T. Y. (2012) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/apo.0b013e31825e4d79 · Cited by 11
“In these studies, higher blood pressure was significantly and monotonically associated with retinal arteriolar narrowing, a vascular feature associated with glaucoma and predictive of systemic hypertension and diabetes in middle-aged and older populations.(32,33) Higher BMI has similarly been reported to be associated…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDietary fiber intake and retinal vascular caliber in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Kan, H., Stevens, J., HEISS, G. M., Klein, R., Rose, K. M., & London, S. J. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.6.1626 · Cited by 11
How the endothelium and its bone marrow-derived progenitors influence development of disease
Štefanec, T. (2003) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00327-x · Cited by 11
Gudayneh, Y. A., Shumye, A. F., Gelaye, A. T., & Tegegn, M. T. (2025) · International Journal of Retina and Vitreous · doi:10.1186/s40942-025-00631-2 · Cited by 10
Ultrasonographic screening of carotid artery in patients with vascular retinopathies.
Marin-Sanabria, E. A., Kondoh, T., Yamanaka, A., & Kohmura, E. (2005) · PubMed · doi:10.24546/00422056 · Cited by 10
Hu, D., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Li, M., & Liu, F. (2010) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.3456371 · Cited by 10
Phan, K. H., Mitchell, P. L. R., Liew, G., Plant, A. J. H., Wang, S. B., Thiagalingam, A., Burlutsky, G., & Gopinath, B. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189627 · Cited by 10
Tooke, J. E., Elston, L. M., Gooding, K. M., Ball, C. I., Mawson, D., Piper, J., Sriraman, R., Urquhart, R., & Shore, A. C. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0168-9 · Cited by 10
“Microvascular dysfunction precedes development of type 2 diabetes and is associated with insulin resistance, which characteristically predates this condition [3–6].”
BackgroundEigenbrodt, M. L., Fuchs, F. D., Couper, D. J., Goff, D. C., Sanford, C. P., Hutchinson, R. G., & Bursac, Z. (2006) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2005.039735 · Cited by 9
Haddow, L. J., Laverick, R., Leung, I., Post, F. A., Vera, J. H., Gilson, R. J. C., Williams, I. G., Boffito, M., Sabin, C. A., Winston, A., et al. (2017) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000001570 · Cited by 9
Retinal oxygen saturation and vessel diameter in patients with chronic kidney disease
Liu, R., Jian, W., Zhao, Y., Lu, X., Wu, Y., & Duan, J. (2020) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.14398 · Cited by 9
“Patients with retinal arteriolar/venular narrowingweremore likely to suffer fromCKD than the general population, and only retinal arteriolar narrowing was related to increased albuminuria, while no difference was found in retinal venular changes (Wong et al. 2002).”
BackgroundGryglewska, B., Głuszewska, A., Zarzycki, B., Dzieza-Grudnik, A., Fedyk‐Łukasik, M., Major, P., Budzynski, A. Z., Gąsowski, J., & Grodzicki, T. K. (2019) · Microcirculation · doi:10.1111/micc.12600 · Cited by 8
Shin, Y. U., Park, S. H., Chung, J. H., Lee, S. H., & Cho, H. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10112398 · Cited by 8
Automatic arteriosclerotic retinopathy grading using four-channel with image merging
Gao, S., Gao, L., Quan, X., Zhang, H., Bai, H., & Kang, C. (2021) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106274 · Cited by 8
Li, L., Du, R., Ouidir, M., Lu, R., Chen, Z., Weir, N. L., Tsai, M. Y., Albert, P. S., & Zhang, C. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15153287 · Cited by 8
“Common knowledge on very long even-chain SFAs suggests that they are derived from a limited food source, such as peanuts, macadamia nuts and canola oil [52], and from endogenous metabolism from stearic acid (18:0) [53].”
BackgroundHuang, C., Wang, Z., Yuan, G., Xiong, Z., Hu, J. S., & Tong, Y. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108255 · Cited by 8
Diabetes, Diabetic Retinopathy, and Retinal Vascular Alterations
Keel, S., Koklanis, C., Vukicevic, M., Itsiopoulos, C., & Brazionis, L. (2014) · Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/apo.0000000000000053 · Cited by 8
“The Beaver Eye Dam Study was 1 of the earliest studies to assess the relationship between vascular caliber and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in healthy middle-aged persons and found that retinal arterioles were significantly narrower in persons who subsequently developed diabetes.(20,21) The Australian Diabetes, Ob…”
BackgroundJelinek, H. F. (2004) · Cited by 8
Lipid and lipoprotein profiles in Nigerian non-insulin- dependent diabetic patients
Maduka, I. C., Onyeanusi, J. O., Shu, E. N., & Duru, C. E. (2007) · Biomedical Research-tokyo · Cited by 8
Retinal vascular diameter in young subjects with a vasospastic propensity
Branca, F., Orgül, S., Zawinka, C., Reinhard, G., & Flammer, J. (2005) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-005-0101-9 · Cited by 8
“More recent studies have demonstrated that retinal microvasculature may show abnormalities related to elevated concurrent blood pressure in older people [25, 39, 42] and to cardiovascular complications [6, 26, 27, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44].”
BackgroundFamilial Correlation of Retinal Vascular Caliber in Singapore Chinese
Li, L., Liao, J., Fan, Q., Cheung, C. Y.-L., Ikram, M. K., Cheng, C., Saw, S., & Wong, T. Y. (2013) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.13-12418 · Cited by 7
“Many studies have shown that retinal vascular changes are associated with a range of major vascular and metabolic diseases, such as hypertension,(42) type 2 diabetes,(43) CVD,(44) and stroke.(15,17,18,45) Our study thus suggests that further studying genetics of retinal vascular caliber may provide new insights into s…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSex Differences in Fractional Flow Reserve-Guided Revascularization: A Nationwide Analysis
Lakhter, V., Alkhouli, M. A., Zack, C. J., Zhao, H., Cohen, H. A., O’Neill, B. P., O’Murchu, B., Bové, A. A., & Bashir, R. (2016) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2016.5806 · Cited by 7
“…Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study and other studies suggest that adverse coronary reactivity, 12 microvascular dysfunction, 2,13 and plaque erosion/ distal microembolization 14–16 contribute to a gender-specific pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia in women, which can…”
Nellore, K., & Harris, N. R. (2004) · Microcirculation · doi:10.1080/10739680490517668 · Cited by 7
“Microcirculatory abnormalities may also play a role in initiating larger vessel dysfunction, in that arteriolar narrowing precedes the macrovascular consequences of the disease (38).”
BackgroundJin, W. F., Chen, C., Shen, Y., Li, F., Yiyang, S., & Liu, H. (2024) · BMC Ophthalmology · doi:10.1186/s12886-024-03338-4 · Cited by 6
“They also identified that patients with a duration of diabetes of five years or less have shown a constriction of the major arteries and arterioles of ret-robulbar circulation, and retinal blood flow is decreased [5].”
BackgroundDeepika, V., Jeyalakshmi, V., Latha, P., Raman, R., Kiruthika, V., Raman, S., & Surya, J. (2021) · Microvascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2021.104237 · Cited by 6
Capillary pressure may predict preclinical changes in the eye
Gooding, K. M., Tooke, J. E., Lany, H. V., Mitra, M., Ling, R., Ball, C. I., Mawson, D., Skinner, K., & Shore, A. C. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1805-x · Cited by 6
“sclerosis Risk in Communities and other epidemiological studies, clinically apparent retinal structural microvascular abnormalities (including non-diabetic retinopathy) were, for example, independently related to risk of diabetes [1–5], impaired fasting hyperglycaemia [1, 6], stroke [7–11], magnetic resonance imaging-…”
Backgroundde Jongh, R. T., IJzerman, R. G., Serné, E. H., van Weissenbruch, M. M., Voordouw, J. J., de Waal, H. A. D., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2007) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20060357 · Cited by 6
Fritzsche, K. H., & Stewart, C. V. (2002) · Cited by 6
Saloň, A., Boever, P. D., & Goswami, N. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071488 · Cited by 6
Quan, X., Ou, X., Gao, L., Yin, W., Hou, G., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Interdisciplinary Sciences Computational Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12539-024-00650-x · Cited by 5
“Specifically, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and smoking, are the main causes of above diseases [4].”
Raghuraman, R. P., D'Souza, R. D., Nathan, P., Wang, D., Manyonda, I., & Antonios, T. F. (2013) · Microcirculation · doi:10.1111/micc.12076 · Cited by 5
“There is also cumulative evidence that the fetal origins of cardiovascular disease may partly be mediated by the microcirculation as retinal microvascular abnormalities in LBW individuals have been associated with an increased risk of stroke, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes [41–43].”
BackgroundPhan, K. H., Au, C. P., Mitchell, P. L. R., Liew, G., Plant, A. J. H., Wang, S. B., Chiha, J., Thiagalingam, A., Burlutsky, G., & Gopinath, B. (2016) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd.2016.07.22 · Cited by 5
“Population-based studies have also shown that retinal microvascular abnormalities, such as retinal arteriolar narrowing and venular widening, are associated with diabetes and hypertension, the two major risk factors for CKD (3-5).”
BackgroundAutomated macula proximity diagnosis for early finding of diabetic macular edema
Patil, S. B., & Patil, B. P. (2020) · Research on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s42600-020-00065-9 · Cited by 5
“1 Retinal fundus image with its main components—the optic disc, macula, fovea, and having stage 2 diabetic macular edema: Hard exudates involve the center of the macula (Wong et al. 2002) 250 Res.”
BackgroundInfluentialHeart rate and age modulate retinal pulsatile patterns
Labounková, I., Labounek, R., Kolář, R., Tornow, R. P., Babbs, C. F., McClelland, C. M., Miller, B., & Nestrašil, I. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03441-6 · Cited by 5
Venkataramani, D., Veeranan, J., & Pitchai, L. (2022) · Nonlinear Engineering · doi:10.1515/nleng-2022-0233 · Cited by 5
“Long-term diabetes leads to DR which in turn leads to vision loss [9,10].”
BackgroundDirani, M., McAuley, A. K., Maple-Brown, L. J., Kawasaki, R., McIntosh, R. L., Harper, C. A., Lamoureux, E. L., Tatipata, S., Dunbar, T., O’Dea, K., et al. (2010) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02322.x · Cited by 5
Vavas, E., Hong, S. N., Henry, S. A., Rosen, S. E., & Mieres, J. H. (2012) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-012-0251-3 · Cited by 4
“The Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) trial and related studies have expanded our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of coronary atherosclerosis in women to include abnormal coronary reactivity [8], microvascular dysfunction [9], and plaque erosion/distal microembolization [10, 11], as contributory…”
BackgroundYeo, H. J., Lee, J. H., Lee, H. J., Byun, K. S., Im, H. J., & Kim, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.4078/jrd.2013.20.4.231 · Cited by 4
Quinn, N. B., Januszewski, A. S., Brazionis, L., O'Connell, R. L., Aryal, N. R., O’Day, J., Scott, R. S., Mitchell, P. L. R., Jenkins, A. J., KEECH, A. C., et al. (2022) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.15733 · Cited by 4
de Moura, J., Vidal, P. L., Novo, J., Rouco, J., Penedo, M. G., & Ortega, M. (2021) · Pattern Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1007/s10044-021-01028-1 · Cited by 4
Vessel Segmentation from Color Retinal Images with Varying Contrast and Central Reflex Properties
Bhuiyan, A., Kawasaki, R., Lamoureux, E. L., Wong, T. Y., & Ramamohanarao, K. (2010) · International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA) · doi:10.1109/dicta.2010.42 · Cited by 4
“Retinal arteriolar narrowing is also independently associated with risk of stroke [4], heart disease [5], diabetes [6] and hypertension [7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationOcular Blood Flow in Diabetes: Contribution to the Microvascular Lesions of Diabetic Retinopathy
Curtis, T. M., & Gardiner, T. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69469-4_15 · Cited by 4
Determining Retinal Vessel Widths and Detection of Width Changes
Roysam, B., Stewart, C., & Fritzsche, K. H. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420037005.ch9 · Cited by 4
Retinal Vascular Changes as Biomarkers of Systemic Cardiovascular Diseases
Cheung, D. N., Wong, T. Y., & Hodgson, L. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420037005-10 · Cited by 4
Self-citationNakajima, K., Higuchi, R., Mizusawa, K., & Nakamura, T. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043677 · Cited by 4
Screening of Diabetes and Hypertension Based on Retinal Fundus Photographs Using Deep LearningPreprint
Dai, G., Zhang, C., & He, W. (2019) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2019.12.13.19013904 · Cited by 4
Jelinek, H. F., & Cree, M. J. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420037005.ch1 · Cited by 4
Żmijewska, M. A., Wawrzyniak, Z. M., Janiszewski, M., & Zaleska-Żmijewska, A. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14070710 · Cited by 3
Ocular manifestations in COPD patients. An underrecognized comorbidity
Dettoraki, M., Vandorou, K. T., Tsoukalas, D., Basagianni, E., Chatziralli, I., THEODOSSIADIS, P. G., Loukides, S., & Toumpanakis, D. (2025) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2025.108313 · Cited by 3
Association Study of rs3184504 C>T Polymorphism in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease.
Afjeh, S. S. A., Ghaderian, S. M. H., Mirfakhraie, R., Piryaei, M., & Kohan, H. Z. (2014) · PubMed Central · Cited by 3
Retinal microvascular structure: determinants and potential utility of novel imaging measurements
Sasongko, M. B., Wong, T. Y., & Wang, J. J. (2010) · Expert Review of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1586/eop.10.27 · Cited by 3
Self-citationRetinal image vasculature analysis software (RIVAS)
Aliahmad, B., & Kumar, D. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804536-7.00015-6 · Cited by 3
Şimşek, S., & İşlek, A. (2022) · Acta Radiologica · doi:10.1177/02841851221137766 · Cited by 3
“However, different hemodynamic alterations during consecutive stages of DRP were also noted (6,9,10).”
BackgroundSchonberger, Z. G., Huang, S. J. Y., Thakkar, R. N., Mamone, A. A., Khan, D. I., Chow, N. L. Y., Ahmed, M., Sivaram, N., Bao, Y., Kesavan, V., et al. (2023) · Journal of Vascular Research · doi:10.1159/000527765 · Cited by 3
Duprez, D. A., Forbang, N. I., Allison, M., Peralta, C. A., Shea, S., & Jacobs, D. R. (2019) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-019-0868-3 · Cited by 3
The Role of Obesity in Insulin Resistance
Meigs, J. B. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-116-5_3 · Cited by 4
Category 2 enhanced phenotyping at baseline assessment visit in last 100-150,000 participants
Sk, C. (2009) · Cited by 3
Yan, Y. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/kpne-0v56 · Cited by 3
Role of retinal biomarkers in diabetes detection and risk prediction: A systematic scoping review
Kaup, S., Bhat, S., Reardon, E. E., Prathiba, V., Rajalakshmi, R., Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Jagannathan, R., Anjana, R. M., Ali, M. K., Mohan, V., et al. (2026) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2026.103405 · Cited by 2
Women and Cardiovascular Disease: Gender-Based Issues Regarding Detection and Primary Prevention
Chesler, R., Ho, D. W. T., & Ramkissoon, K. (2014) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2014.620318 · Cited by 2
“MVD when present in the retinal artery has been shown to be associated with CVD events in women, but not men [33].”
BackgroundRole of the 12q24.12 locus in the onset of preeclampsia: an Italian case-control study
Gaetano, C. D., Marozio, L., Voglino, F., Guarrera, S., Tancredi, A., Gibbone, E., Benedetto, C., Gasparini, M., Piazza, A., & Matullo, G. (2011) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2011.636097 · Cited by 2
“that is common to diseases like type 1 diabetes [16], coronary heart disease [17] and PE [2].”
BackgroundO’Neill, R. A., Maxwell, A. P., Kee, F., Young, I. S., McGuinness, B., Hogg, R. E., Cruise, S. M., & McKay, G. J. (2021) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-021-02704-1 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of Retinal Vascularity Index in Patients with COVID-19: A Case–Control Study
Zhou, S. W., Shrivastav, A., Gilada, T., Ng, X. L., Ng, S. P., Chua, C. H., Dutt, S., Natarajan, S., & Agrawal, R. V. (2022) · Ophthalmology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40123-022-00630-8 · Cited by 2
Villalaín-Rodes, I., García‐Sánchez, A., Durán, M. A., Rio, F. G., Martinez, J., & Montejano-Milner, R. (2024) · Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina · doi:10.3928/23258160-20240802-01 · Cited by 2
Does microvascular dysfunction link obesity with insulin resistance and hypertension?
de Jongh, R. T., Serné, E. H., Eringa, E. C., IJzerman, R. G., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2006) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.1.2.181 · Cited by 2
Microvascular changes in the retina as a risk marker for cardiovascular disease
Cheung, N., & Wong, T. Y. (2008) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-009-0009-8 · Cited by 2
Self-citationAcute and chronic effects of soccer game on the retinal vessel diameters in middle-aged adults
Solianik, R., Streckis, V., Imbrasienė, D., & Paunksnis, A. (2019) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.18.09164-8 · Cited by 2
Grosso, A. (2023) · Updates in hypertension and cardiovascular protection · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13009-0_17 · Cited by 2
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PREDIABETES AND IT’S DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT: A REVIEW
ASHRAF, S., TAHIR, A., Shabbir, A., Awais, M., ALI, A., Shahzadi, R., ULLAH, S., Imtiaz, R., & HAMEED, S. (2023) · Biological and Clinical Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.54112/bcsrj.v2023i1.615 · Cited by 1
Computer Assisted ‘Top-Down’ Assesment of Diabetic Retinopathy
Jelinek, H. F., Al-Saedi, K. H., & Bäcklund, L. B. (2009) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03891-4_34 · Cited by 2
Dartora, W. J., Maestri, M. K., Schmidt, M. I., Duncan, B. B., Chambless, L. E., Klein, R., Meuer, S. M., & Luft, V. C. (2018) · Sao Paulo Medical Journal · doi:10.1590/1516-3180.2018.0227230718 · Cited by 2
Jonk, A. M. (2011) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20111215aj · Cited by 2
Stehouwer, C. D. A., Huijberts, M. S., Houben, A. J. H. M., & Schaper, N. C. (2006) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-153-6_29 · Cited by 3
Triglyceride-Glucose Index in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Metabolic Risk Factor?
Gündoğan, A. O., Oltulu, R., Belviranlı, S., Tezcan, A., Mirza, E., Adam, M., & Okka, M. (2025) · Genel Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.54005/geneltip.1683730 · Cited by 1
Retinal imaging in gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review
Kitmiridou, D., Mitrogiannis, I., Charakida, M., & Nicolaides, K. H. (2026) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.70218 · Cited by 1
“However, current studies are inconsistent regarding which retinal metrics provide the greatest prognostic value 25,36,37 .”
Retinal Microvascular Alterations in Diabetic Patients Assessed with Novel Imaging Techniques
Liskiewicz-jankowska, M., Dąbrowska, E., Wolf, J., & Narkiewicz, K. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16071095 · Cited by 1
Zhong, X.-C., Wang, Y., Li, M., Liu, Y., & Hu, D. (2011) · International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing · doi:10.1109/icicip.2011.6008236 · Cited by 1
Stehouwer, C. D. A., Huijberts, M. S., Houben, A. J. H. M., & Schaper, N. C. (2006) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · Cited by 1
The Chronic Kidney Disease and Abnormal Retinal Blood Vessels
Huang, W., & Li, L. (2019) · Advances in visual science and eye diseases · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7896-6_26 · Cited by 1
Geometrical and Topological Analysis of Vascular Branches from Fundus Retinal Images
Thom, S., Hughes, A. D., Martínez-Pérez, M. E., Witt, N., & Parker, K. H. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420037005.ch10 · Cited by 1
Charles, L. E., Gu, J. K., & Violanti, J. M. (2024) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph21040439 · Cited by 1
“We were unable to identify other published studies that investigated the impact of shiftwork on retinal arterioles and venules.”
ResultPrediabetes: A Benign Intermediate Stage or a Risk Factor in Itself?
Mulla, I. G., Anjankar, A. P., Pratinidhi, S. A., Agrawal, S. V., Gundpatil, D., & Lambe, S. D. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.63186 · Cited by 2
“…retinal vascular changes, such as increased retinal venular or arteriolar caliber and lower arteriole-to-venule ratio, have also been reported to be altered in prediabetes or in patients who presented with an elevated risk of diabetes; however, the supporting literature is inconsistent [56,57,59].”
ResultμCT imaging of a multi-organ vascular fingerprint in rats
Napieczyńska, H., Kedziora, S. M., Haase, N., Müller, D. N., Heuser, A., Dechend, R., & Kräker, K. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308601 · Cited by 1
Wavelet Filter techniques for segmenting retinal blood vessels
Al-Marghilnai, A., & Mansour, R. F. (2017) · International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES · doi:10.21833/ijaas.2017.09.022 · Cited by 1
“Retinal vessel narrowing can be related to incidents of coronary heart disease in women occurrence of stroke and diabetes in men and women (Wong et al., 2002).”
BackgroundArtery/Vein Vessel Tree Identification in Near-Infrared Reflectance Retinographies
de Moura, J., Novo, J., Rouco, J., Charlón, P., & Ortega, M. (2019) · Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10278-019-00235-x · Cited by 1
“The analysis of these structures offers a set of biomarkers that allow the identification of several pathologies that may be present in the eye fundus, as glaucoma [8], diabetic retinopathy [42, 48], sclerosis [1], or cardiovascular complications [24].”
BackgroundRetinal Vascular Changes as Biomarkers of Systemic Cardiovascular Diseases
Cheung, N., Wong, T. Y., & Hodgson, L. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420037005.ch7 · Cited by 1
Self-citationDigital Imaging to Characterize Retinal Vascular Topography
Patton, N., & Aslam, T. M. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-33714-8_29
Li, V. V. (2006) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
BLOOD PRESSURE ELEVATION: IMPACT ON CARDIOVASCULAR STRUCTURE AND ENDOGENOUS FIBRINOLYSIS
Ridderstråle, W. (2008) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Pang, A., Leo, S., Lim, T., & Wong, T. Y. (2011) · Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus · doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.01.102
Self-citationImportancia de la valoración del fondo de ojo en el paciente hipertenso
Suárez, C. R., de la Morena, J. S., Sien, C. C., & de la Ossa, J. M. A. (2004) · Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular · doi:10.1016/s1889-1837(04)71819-x
New developments in diabetic retinopathy
Curtis, T. M., Stitt, A. W., McGahon, M. K., Scholfield, C. N., & McGeown, J. G. (2007) · Expert Review of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1586/17469899.2.6.947
de Tuero, G. C. (2010) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Computer-assisted colour fundus image analysis
Chin, K. S. (2015)
Analysis of Retinal Vasculature Using a
Wang, L., Bhalerao, A. H., & Wilson, R. (2007)
Nephrologie, A. F., & Schwarz, S. (2010)
&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHGµ7RS -'RZQ∂$VVHVVPHQWRI'LDEHWLF5HWLQRSDWK\
Jelinek, H. F., & Al-Saedi, K. H. (2009)
Retinal Vascular Imaging in Clinical Research
Ikram, M. K., Sim, S. S., Ong, Y., Cheung, C. Y.-L., & Wong, T. Y. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17026-2
Self-citationChildhood Obesity, Body Fatness Indices, and Retinal Vasculature
Li, L., Wong, T. Y., & Saw, S. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-401717-7.00020-4
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Wong, T. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wong, Tien Yin
- ORCID
- Wong, Tien Yin
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2002-05-15
- Volume
- 287
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 2528
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2087898657
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 7.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc035126-003, n01hc55021-47-0-1, n01hc55020-39-0-0, n01hc55016-37-0-0, n01hc055022-024, n01hc035125-006, n01hc55019-35-0-1, n01hc55018-38-0-1, n01hc55015-48-0-1)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HC55022, N01-HC-55018, N01 HC 55020, N01 HC 55019, N01 HC-35125, NN01-HC-35126, N1-HC-55021, N01-HC55016, N01‐HC‐55015)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Keywords
- retinal arteriolar narrowing, type 2 diabetes, incident diabetes risk, microvascular damage, middle-aged adults, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, fundus images, hypertension, aging, family history of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, adiposity, physical activity, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, insulin levels, diabetes prevention
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Inflammation, Male, Microcirculation, Middle Aged, Photography, Prospective Studies, Retinal Vessels, Risk Factors, Retinal Artery Occlusion, Logistic Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
