The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 24 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Suicide is a leading cause of death among youth aged 10 to 19 years in the United States, with rates traditionally higher in male than in female youth. Recent national mortality data suggest this gap may be narrowing, which warrants investigation. Objective: To investigate trends in suicide rates among US youth aged 10 to 19 years by age group, sex, race/ethnicity, and method of suicide. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cross-sectional study using period trend analysis of US suicide decedents aged 10 to 19 years from January 1, 1975, to December 31, 2016. Data were analyzed for periods defined by statistically significant changes in suicide rate trends. Suicide rates were calculated using population estimates. Main Outcomes and Measures: Period trends in suicide rates by sex and age group were assessed using joinpoint regression. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated using negative binomial regression comparing male and female suicide rates within periods. Results: From 1975 to 2016, we identified 85 051 youth suicide deaths in the United States (68 085 male [80.1%] and 16 966 female [19.9%]) with a male to female IRR of 3.82 (95% CI, 3.35-4.35). Following a downward trend until 2007, suicide rates for female youth showed the largest significant percentage increase compared with male youth (12.7% vs 7.1% for individuals aged 10-14 years; 7.9% vs 3.5% for individuals aged 15-19 years). The male to female IRR decreased significantly across the study period for youth aged 10 to 14 years (3.14 [95% CI, 2.74-3.61] to 1.80 [95% CI, 1.53-2.12]) and 15 to 19 years (4.15 [95% CI, 3.79-4.54] to 3.31 [95% CI, 2.96-3.69]). Significant declining trends in the male to female IRR were found in non-Hispanic white youth aged 10 to 14 years (3.27 [95% CI, 2.68-4.00] to 2.04 [95% CI, 1.45-2.89]) and non-Hispanic youth of other races aged 15 to 19 years (4.02 [95% CI, 3.29-4.92] to 2.35 [95% CI, 2.00-2.76]). The male to female IRR for firearms increased significantly for youth aged 15 to 19 years (χ2 = 7.74; P = .02 for sex × period interaction). The male to female IRR of suicide by hanging or suffocation decreased significantly for both age groups (10-14 years: χ2 = 88.83; P < .001 for sex × period interaction and 15-19 years: χ2 = 82.15; P < .001 for sex × period interaction). No significant change was found in the male to female IRR of suicide by poisoning across the study period. Conclusions and Relevance: A significant reduction in the historically large gap in youth suicide rates between male and female individuals underscores the importance of interventions that consider unique differences by sex. Future research examining sex-specific factors associated with youth suicide is warranted.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This cross-sectional analysis of 85,051 US youth suicide deaths aged 10 to 19 years from 1975 to 2016 found that the male-to-female suicide rate ratio declined over time, especially among younger youth. Female suicide rates by hanging or suffocation approached male rates, and racial/ethnic differences in the narrowing gap were present.
Key findings
- Among youth aged 10 to 14 years, the male-to-female incidence rate ratio (IRR) for suicide decreased significantly from 3.14 (95% CI, 2.74-3.61) in 1975-1991 to 1.80 (95% CI, 1.53-2.12) in 2007-2016 (χ2 = 30.41; P < .001 for sex × period interaction).
- From 2007 to 2016, suicide rates for female youth aged 10 to 14 years increased 12.73% annually (95% CI, 8.81%-16.80%) compared with 7.08% (95% CI, 4.21%-10.03%) for male youth; for ages 15 to 19 years, female rates increased 7.91% annually (95% CI, 5.84%-10.02%) compared with 3.49% (95% CI, 2.28%-4.72%) for male youth.
- The male-to-female IRR for suicide by hanging or suffocation decreased significantly for both age groups (10-14 years: χ2 = 88.83; P < .001; 15-19 years: χ2 = 82.15; P < .001), while the male-to-female IRR for firearms increased significantly for youth aged 15 to 19 years (χ2 = 7.74; P = .02).
- Among youth aged 10 to 14 years, the male-to-female IRR declined significantly for non-Hispanic white youth (χ2 = 8.10; P = .02) and non-Hispanic youth of other races (χ2 = 8.79; P = .02); non-Hispanic white youth had an IRR decrease from 3.27 (95% CI, 2.68-4.00) in 1975-1991 to 2.04 (95% CI, 1.45-2.89) in 2007-2016.
Methods
- Deidentified national mortality data were obtained from CDC WONDER for youth aged 10 to 19 years in the United States from 1975 to 2016, with suicide identified by ICD codes E950-E959 (ICD-8/9, 1975-1998) and X60-X84, Y87.0, and U03 (ICD-10, 1999-2016).
- Crude suicide rates per 100,000 persons were calculated using WONDER population estimates; trends by sex and age group (10-14 and 15-19 years) were assessed with Joinpoint regression software version 4.3.1.0.
- Incidence rate ratios and 95% CIs were estimated using negative binomial regression comparing male and female suicide rates within select periods; χ2 tests compared male-to-female IRRs across periods, with analyses in Stata/IC version 14.1 and a 2-tailed significance level of P < .05.
Limitations
- Stated: the data cannot explain underlying reasons for the narrowing gap between sexes in youth suicide.
- Stated: variations in cause-of-death coding across ICD-8, ICD-9, and ICD-10 may have affected results, and it is unknown whether accuracy of classifying a youth death as suicide changed during the study period.
- Stated: early suicide trends for Hispanic and non-Hispanic categories should be interpreted with caution because these data were not captured before 1990 and were excluded from select states through 1996; evident from the text, the cross-sectional design using aggregate mortality records cannot establish causality or individual-level mechanisms.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between 1975 and 2016, a total of 85 051 suicide deaths were identified for youth aged 10 to 19 years in the United States (68 085 male [80.1%] and 16 966 female [19.9%]), with a male to female IRR of 3.82 (95% CI, 3.35-4.35).”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Female suicide rates by hanging or suffocation are approaching those of male youth, and significant differences by race/ethnicity also exist.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Abstract > Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Female suicide rates by hanging or suffocation are approaching those of male youth, and significant differences by race/ethnicity also exist.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Abstract > Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The narrowing gap between male and female rates of suicide was most pronounced among youth aged 10 to 14 years, underscoring the importance of early prevention efforts that take both sex and developmental level into consideration.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between 1975 and 2016, a total of 85 051 suicide deaths were identified for youth aged 10 to 19 years in the United States (68 085 male [80.1%] and 16 966 female [19.9%]), with a male to female IRR of 3.82 (95% CI, 3.35-4.35).”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The core finding of this study is that the ratio of male to female suicide rates for children and adolescents has declined over the past 40 years.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant change was found in the male to female IRR of suicide by poisoning across the study period.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From 2007 to 2016, both sexes experienced an upward trend, increasing 7.9% per year for female youth and 3.5% for male youth.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beginning in 1975, the trend in suicide rates for youth aged 10 to 14 years increased 5.4% annually for female individuals until 1992, and 4.5% annually for male individuals until 1993”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Beginning in 1975, the trend in suicide rates for youth aged 10 to 14 years increased 5.4% annually for female individuals until 1992, and 4.5% annually for male individuals until 1993”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When examined by race/ethnicity, the male to female IRR of suicide among youth aged 10 to 14 years declined significantly for non-Hispanic white youth (χ2 = 8.10; P = .02 for sex × period interaction) and non-Hispanic youth of other races (χ2 = 8.79; P = .02 for sex × period interaction)”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among youth aged 15 to 19 years, the trend in suicide rates from 1975 increased 2.4% annually for female individuals until 1988, and 2.8% for male individuals until 1991, then decreased 2.2% for female individuals and 3.4% for male individuals each year until 2007”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences in the male to female IRR across the study period were significant (χ2 = 20.89; P < .001 for sex × period interaction), increasing from 4.15 (95% CI, 3.79-4.54) in 1975 to 1987 to 4.56 (95% CI, 4.18-4.97) in 1988 to 2006, then decreasing to 3.31 (95% CI, 2.96-3.69) through 2016”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant downward trend in the male to female IRR was also observed for Hispanic youth aged 15 to 19 years (χ2 = 8.75; P = .003 for sex × period interaction), but data were only available for the 1998 to 2006 and 2007 to 2016 reporting periods.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The male to female IRR of suicide decreased for all racial/ethnic categories since 2007, with a significant declining trend across the study period in younger non-Hispanic white youth and older non-Hispanic youth of other races.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant decreasing trend was found across all US regions.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The male to female IRR of suicide decreased significantly for non-Hispanic youth of other race from 4.02 (95% CI, 3.29-4.92) in 1975 to 1987 to 2.35 (95% 5 CI, 2.00-2.76) in 2007 to 2016.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among youth aged 15 to 19 years, the trend in suicide rates from 1975 increased 2.4% annually for female individuals until 1988, and 2.8% for male individuals until 1991, then decreased 2.2% for female individuals and 3.4% for male individuals each year until 2007”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Differences in the male to female IRR were greatest for non-Hispanic black youth, with an increasing trend between 1975 to 1987 and 1998 to 2006, followed by a declining trend in the male to female IRR from 2007 to 2016.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The male to female IRR of suicide declined across all US regions over time, although not significantly in the West”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following declining trends for both sexes until 2007, the trend in suicide rates for female youth showed the largest significant percentage change, increasing 12.7% annually compared with 7.1% for male youth, contributing to a discernable narrowing of the gap between male and female rates.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, 2 recent reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention5,6 reveal that female youth are experiencing a greater percentage increase in suicide rates compared with male youth.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Curtin SC, Hedegaard H, Minino A, Warner M, Simon T QuickStats: suicide rates for teens aged 15-19 years, by sex—United States, 1975-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017; 66(30): 816. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6630a6 28771461 PMC5720877 source
- Not matchedcites [6] Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H Increase in suicide in the United States, 1999–2014. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db241.htm. Published April 2016. Accessed November 17, 2018.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although informative, these reports do not address the extent to which the disproportionate increase in suicide rates among female youth is contributing to a narrowing gap between male and female youth suicide rates.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Introduction
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Results from this study potentially challenge the existing paradox of suicidal behavior where female individuals have higher rates of suicidal ideation and attempted suicide than male individuals, while death by suicide is lower in female individuals than male individuals.15”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Schrijvers DL, Bollen J, Sabbe BG The gender paradox in suicidal behavior and its impact on the suicidal process. J Affect Disord. 2012; 138(1-2): 19- 26. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.050 21529962 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Most youth suicide decedents actually die on their first attempt, with the likelihood of death on first attempt being associated with lethality of method.14”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] McKean AJS, Pabbati CP, Geske JR, Bostwick JM Rethinking lethality in youth suicide attempts: first suicide attempt outcomes in youth ages 10 to 24. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018; 57(10): 786- 791. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.04.021 30274653 PMC6375682
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The percentage of female youth who made a suicide plan also increased significantly from 13.4% to 17.1%, while no significant change was found in male youth.19”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Survey: data summary and trends report 2007-2017. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trendsreport.pdf. Accessed January 23, 2019.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study5 of youth aged 15 to 19 years showed suicide rates for female individuals more than doubled from 2007 to 2015, compared with a 31% increase for male individuals”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Curtin SC, Hedegaard H, Minino A, Warner M, Simon T QuickStats: suicide rates for teens aged 15-19 years, by sex—United States, 1975-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017; 66(30): 816. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6630a6 28771461 PMC5720877 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research20,21,22 has also identified a strong link between youth suicide and mental health, most commonly depression.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Collishaw S Annual research review: secular trends in child and adolescent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015; 56(3): 370- 393. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12372 25496340
- Not checked yetcites [21] Perou R, Bitsko RH, Blumberg SJ,; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Mental health surveillance among children—United States, 2005-2011. MMWR Suppl. 2013; 62(2): 1- 35. 23677130
- Not checked yetcites [22] Mojtabai R, Olfson M, Han B National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(6): 1- 12. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-1878 27940701 PMC5127071
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A history of suicidal behavior is a leading predictor of future suicide in youth,16,17”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Bridge JA, Goldstein TR, Brent DA Adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006; 47(3-4): 372- 394. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01615.x 16492264 source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Nock MK, Green JG, Hwang I, Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013; 70(3): 300- 310. doi: 10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.55 23303463 PMC3886236 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“although rates of hospitalization for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in youth have increased over time in both sexes, this increase has been greatest among female youth.18”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Plemmons G, Hall M, Doupnik S, Hospitalization for suicide ideation or attempt: 2008-2015. Pediatrics. 2018; 141(6): e20172426. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-2426 29769243
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“an additional report6 found female youth aged 10 to 14 years experienced the largest percentage increase in suicide rates compared with other age groups, tripling from 0.5 per 100 000 in 1999 to 1.5 per 100 000 in 2014.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6] Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H Increase in suicide in the United States, 1999–2014. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db241.htm. Published April 2016. Accessed November 17, 2018.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rates of suicide in the United States have historically been higher in male individuals than in female individuals across all age groups.3,4”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Lubell KM, Kegler SR, Crosby AE, Karch D; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Suicide trends among youths and young adults aged 10-24 years—United States, 1990-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007; 56(35):-. 17805220 source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Sullivan EM, Annest JL, Simon TR, Luo F, Dahlberg LL; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Suicide trends among persons aged 10-24 years—United States, 1994-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015; 64(8): 201- 205. 25742379 PMC4584715
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, these data cannot explain underlying reasons for the narrowing of the gap between the sexes in youth suicide.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Fourth, early suicide trends for Hispanic and non-Hispanic categories should be interpreted with caution, as these data were not captured before 1990 and excluded from select states through 1996.7”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7] National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention; Research Prioritization Task Force A Prioritized Research Agenda for Suicide Prevention: An Action Plan to Save Lives. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health and the Research Prioritization Task Force; 2014.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Youth Risk Behavior Survey19 found that the percentage of female youth who experienced persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness increased significantly between 2007 and 2017 (from 35.8% to 41.1%), with no significant changes seen in male youth.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Youth Risk Behavior Survey: data summary and trends report 2007-2017. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trendsreport.pdf. Accessed January 23, 2019.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, it is unknown whether the accuracy of classification of a death as suicide in youth has changed during the study period.”
§ Trends in Suicide Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016 > Discussion > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The WONDER mortality data accurately identify suicide deaths among US youth aged 10 to 19 years over the study period.
“Deidentified data were obtained from Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) records in which suicide (coded as E950-E959 for the eighth and ninth revisions of the International Classification of Diseases [1975-1998] and X60-X84, Y87.0, and U03 for the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision [1999-2016]) was listed as the underlying cause of death among youth”
The paper relies on this without support.
The accuracy of classification of a death as suicide in youth did not change during the study period.
“Third, it is unknown whether the accuracy of classification of a death as suicide in youth has changed during the study period.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“High-income countries were selected because recent studies have highlighted that some of the most striking rises in suicide rates have occurred in these settings (Bould et al., 2019; Ruch et al., 2019; Stefanac et al., 2019)”
From Social media use, economic recession and income inequality in relation to trends in youth suicide in high-income countries: a time trends analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Ruch et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“Rises in youth suicide rates have previously been reported in England and Wales (Bould et al., 2019), the USA (Ruch et al., 2019) and Australia (Stefanac et al., 2019).”
From Social media use, economic recession and income inequality in relation to trends in youth suicide in high-income countries: a time trends analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Ruch et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“Suicide rates in young people have markedly increased in several high-income countries over the last decade (Bould et al., 2019; Ruch et al., 2019; Stefanac et al., 2019).”
From Social media use, economic recession and income inequality in relation to trends in youth suicide in high-income countries: a time trends analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Ruch et al., 2019
In the citing paper
“However, recent data reveals a narrowing gap between male and female youth suicide.2,13”
From Evidence-based youth suicide prevention and intervention in pediatric primary care settings. (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Citation for earlier disparity studies points to a reporting guideline
MinorThe discussion cites reference 9 as an earlier study supporting racial/ethnic disparities, but reference 9 is the STROBE reporting guideline.
“Consistent with earlier studies,9 our findings provide evidence of racial/ethnic disparities in youth suicide rates among male and female individuals.”
“9. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gotzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.”
Table rate denominator conflicts with Methods
MinorThe table title labels suicide rates as per 100 100, while the Methods state that rates were calculated per 100 000 persons.
“Table: Table. Trends in Suicide Rates (Per 100 100) Among Youth Aged 10 to 19 Years in the United States, 1975 to 2016a”
“Crude rates per 100 000 persons were calculated using WONDER population estimates.”
Citations
Cites
Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 2017
Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Queen, B., Lowry, R., Chyen, D., Whittle, L., Thornton, J., et al. (2018) · MMWR. Surveillance Summaries · doi:10.15585/mmwr.ss6708a1 · Cited by 2,502
Mental Health Surveillance Among Children — United States, 2013–2019
Bitsko, R. H., Claussen, A. H., Lichstein, J., Black, L. I., Jones, S. E., Danielson, M. L., Hoenig, J. M., Davis Jack, S. P., Brody, D. J., Gyawali, S., et al. (2022) · MMWR Supplements · doi:10.15585/mmwr.su7102a1 · Cited by 1,723
Nock, M. K., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K. A., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.55 · Cited by 1,666
Physical Activity for Cognitive and Mental Health in Youth: A Systematic Review of Mechanisms
Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., Kelly, P., Smith, J., Raine, L., & Biddle, S. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1642 · Cited by 1,548
National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.
Mojtabai, R., Olfson, M., & Han, B. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1878 · Cited by 1,424
Adolescent suicide and suicidal behavior
Bridge, J. A., Goldstein, T. R., & Brent, D. A. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01615.x · Cited by 1,361
Self-citationAnnual Research Review: Secular trends in child and adolescent mental health
Collishaw, S. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12372 · Cited by 788
(2013) · PubMed · Cited by 770
(2001) · PubMed · Cited by 612
The gender paradox in suicidal behavior and its impact on the suicidal process
Schrijvers, D. L., Bollen, J., & Sabbe, B. G. C. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.050 · Cited by 477
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 24 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Klebba, 1980, Estimates of selected comparability ratios based on dual coding of 1976 death certificates by the eighth and ninth revisions of the International Classification of Diseases., Mon Vital Stat Rep, 28
- National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention; Research Prioritization Task Force, 2014, A Prioritized Research Agenda for Suicide Prevention: An Action Plan to Save Lives
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–302 of 302
Suicide Rates by Gender Among 10- to 14-Year-Olds
Twenge, J. M. (2026) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.4085
Zhan, Z., Li, W., Qiu, J., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.07.026
Metadata
- Authors
- Ruch, D. A., Sheftall, A. H., Schlagbaum, P., Rausch, J., Campo, J. V., & Bridge, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Nationwide Children's Hospital (US)
- West Virginia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ruch, Donna A.
- Venue
- JAMA Network Open
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2019-05-17
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e193886
- ISSN
- 2574-3805 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6537827
- OpenAlex
- W2945445235
- Semantic Scholar
- ef670dad27f3e30e1bc907f31f5a9ebe2a9c364d
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 19
- FWCI
- 46.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JAMA Network Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH116206, R01MH117594, MH117594)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
- Keywords
- youth suicide, suicide rates, sex differences in suicide, age differences in suicide, racial and ethnic differences, suicide methods, firearm suicide, hanging, drug overdose, suicide prevention, suicide prevention programs, suicide prevention policy, United States, young adults, Latino youth, Black youth
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Cause of Death, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Suicide, United States, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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