Annual Research Review: Secular trends in child and adolescent mental health

Collishaw, Stephan

doi:10.1111/jcpp.12372

Cited by 788Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Treatment and AccessPsychology and Mental Health

Annual Research Review: Secular trends in child and adolescent mental health

Collishaw, Stephan·2015·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry

DOI 10.1111/jcpp.12372

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Abstract

Background: Child and adolescent mental health problems are common, associated with wide‐ranging functional impairments, and show substantial continuities into adult life. It is therefore important to understand the extent to which the prevalence of mental health problems has changed over time, and to identify reasons behind any trends in mental health. Scope and Methodology: This review evaluates evidence on whether the population prevalence of child and adolescent mental health problems has changed. The primary focus of the review is on epidemiological cross‐cohort comparisons identified by a systematic search of the literature (using the Web of Knowledge database). Findings: Clinical diagnosis and treatment of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders increased over recent decades. Epidemiological comparisons of unselected population cohorts using equivalent assessments of mental health have found little evidence of an increased rate of ADHD , but cross‐cohort comparisons of rates of ASD are lacking at this time. Findings do suggest substantial secular change in emotional problems and antisocial behaviour in high‐income countries, including periods of increase and decrease in symptom prevalence. Evidence from low‐ and middle‐income countries is very limited. Possible explanations for trends in child and adolescent mental health are discussed. The review also addresses how cross‐cohort comparisons can provide valuable complementary information on the aetiology of mental illness.

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Trends and risk groups for smoking during pregnancy in Finland and other Nordic countries
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Changing Britain, Changing Lives
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Overview of the Flynn effect
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Recent trends in UK child and adolescent mental health
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Self-reported depression is increasing among socio-economically disadvantaged adolescents – repeated cross-sectional surveys from Finland from 2000 to 2011
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Changes in Psychiatric Problems and Service Use Among 8-Year-Old Children: A 16-Year Population-Based Time-Trend Study
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Trends in depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and visits to healthcare specialists: A national study among Icelandic adolescents
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Have There Been Changes in Children's Psychiatric Symptoms and Mental Health Service Use? A 10-Year Comparison From Finland
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Depression treatment during outpatient visits by U.S. children and adolescents
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Time trends in sleep-onset difficulties among Norwegian adolescents: 1983—2005
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ADHD Drug Prescribing Trend Is Increasing Among Children and Adolescents in Hong Kong
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Recent time trends in levels of self‐reported anxiety, mental health service use and suicidal behaviour in Stockholm
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Modelling the contribution of changes in family life to time trends in adolescent conduct problems
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Young people and crime: Findings from the 2006 offending, crime and justice survey
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Crime and criminology in Sweden
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The Life Course of Young Male and Female Offenders
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Experience of Low Mood and Suicidal Behaviors Among Adolescents in Vietnam: Findings from Two National Population-Based Surveys
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Trends in Bullying and Peer Victimization
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Seemingly minor changes to a questionnaire can make a big difference to mean scores: a cautionary tale
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Adolescent conduct problems and premature mortality: follow-up to age 65 years in a national birth cohort
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Examining Specific Effects of Context on Adaptive Behavior and Achievement in Rural Africa: Six Case Studies from Southern Province, Zambia
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Changing Adolescence
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Untitled work
(2009)
Estimating sample size for epidemiologic studies: the impact of ignoring exposure measurement uncertainty
(1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980630)17:12

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Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science
Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C., Christensen, H., Cohen Silver, R., Everall, I., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30168-1 · Cited by 5,715 · see citing works
Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing
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Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time
Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617723376 · Cited by 1,705 · see citing works
National trends in the prevalence and treatment of depression in adolescents and young adults.
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Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions.
Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13190 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
“It is important to note that the United States is an outlier with respect to these trends as rates of suicide worldwide continue to fall (Naghavi, 2019); nonetheless, secular increases in emotional problems among young people have been observed, with increases in self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression docume…”
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Thapar, A., & Cooper, M. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00238-x · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
Annual research review: Digital health interventions for children and young people with mental health problems—A systematic and meta-review
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Depression in young people
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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A systematic review of the mental health changes of children and young people before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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A New Benchmark for Mental Health Systems: Tackling the Social and Economic Costs of Mental Ill-Health
OECD (2021) · OECD Health Policy Studies · doi:10.1787/4ed890f6-en · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Is teachers' mental health and wellbeing associated with students' mental health and wellbeing?
Harding, S., Morris, R., Gunnell, D., Ford, T., Hollingworth, W., Tilling, K., Evans, R., Bell, S., Grey, J., Brockman, R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.080 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Adolescence and the next generation
Patton, G. C., Olsson, C. A., Skirbekk, V., Saffery, R., Wlodek, M. E., Azzopardi, P. S., Stonawski, M., Rasmussen, B., Spry, E., Francis, K., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25759 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Psychological impacts of “screen time” and “green time” for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review
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Active and passive social media use and symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood among Icelandic adolescents
Thorisdottir, I. E., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Asgeirsdottir, B. B., Allegrante, J. P., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2019) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2019.0079 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Changes in Depression and Anxiety Among Children and Adolescents From Before to During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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Maughan, B., Iervolino, A. C., & Collishaw, S. (2005) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000172055.25284.f2 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citation
Has the prevalence of mental health problems of children and adolescents increased in recent 50 years? Systematic review and meta-analysis of repeated cross-sectional studiesPreprint
Richter, D., Kerksieck, P., Lauvrud, C., Lehmann, A. I., Whittington, R., Whittington, T., & Dickinson, A. (2026) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/zw5y9_v1

Authors: Collishaw, S.
Affiliations: Cardiff University (GB)
Corresponding author: Collishaw, Stephan
ORCID: Collishaw, Stephan
Venue: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2014-12-12
Volume: 56
Issue: 3
Pages: 370-393
ISSN: 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
1469-7610
DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12372
OpenAlex: W2128839620
Cited by: 788
References: 168
Citations by year: 2026: 63 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10
FWCI: 2.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Waterloo Foundation
Medical Research Council (MR/J01348X/1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
Keywords: child and adolescent mental health, secular trends, prevalence, cross-cohort comparison, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, emotional problems, antisocial behavior, psychiatric diagnosis and treatment, low- and middle-income countries, etiology of mental disorders
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Mental Disorders, Child, Developing Countries, Humans, Socioeconomic Factors, Developed Countries, Internationality

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