Assessment of Use of ICD-9 and ICD-10 Codes for Social Determinants of Health in the US, 2011-2021
Open accessAbstract
This cross-sectional study examines trends in the use of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes for social determinants of health in the US from 2011 to 2021.
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Agarwal et al. documented a prevalence of Z code use of 7%.
“Agarwal et al. documented a higher prevalence of Z codes use (7% vs. <4% in our paper)31.”
From Documentation of individual-level social determinants of health among adults diagnosed with cancer in the United States (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
The Results report that 6.8% of patients had at least one adverse SDOH code in 2021, which rounds to 7%. But this is a 2021 rate for the study’s SDOH codes, not a reported 7% prevalence of Z-code use across the full study period; the Results give 5.6% for 2011–2021 overall. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Truong, H. P., Luke, A. A., Hammond, G., Wadhera, R. K., Reidhead, M., & Joynt Maddox, K. E. (2020) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001418 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
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- [1]Hood CM, Gennuso KP, Swain GR, Catlin BB. County health rankings: relationships between determinant factors and health outcomes. Am J Prev Med. 2016; 50(2): 129- 135. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.08.024 26526164 · DOI · Paper page
- [3]World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA. 2013; 310(20): 2191- 2194. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.281053 24141714 · DOI · Paper page
- [5]Neiman PU, Tsai TC, Bergmark RW, Ibrahim A, Nathan H, Scott JW. The Affordable Care Act at 10 years: evaluating the evidence and navigating an uncertain future. J Surg Res. 2021; 263: 102- 109. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.12.056 33640844 · DOI
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Hsu, C.-Y., Henderson, G., Slejko, J. F., Hussain, A., Swain, R. S., Kalesan, B., Huang, P.-L., & Onukwugha, E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-13825-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Development and Validation of Computable Social Phenotypes for Health‐Related Social Needs
Gregory, M. E., Kasthurirathne, S. N., Magoc, T., McNamee, C., Harle, C. A., & Vest, J. R. (2024) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooae150 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Agarwal, A. R., Prichett, L., Jain, A., & Srikumaran, U.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Agarwal, Amil R.
- Venue
- JAMA Network Open
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2023-05-09
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e2312538
- ISSN
- 2574-3805 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10170331
- OpenAlex
- W4375955751
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 5.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JAMA Network Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Medical Coding and Health Information
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- ICD-9 codes, ICD-10 codes, social determinants of health, disease classification codes
- MeSH terms
- Humans, International Classification of Diseases, Social Determinants of Health
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