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Cerebrovascular Effects of Apolipoprotein E: Implications for Alzheimer Disease
Open accessAbstract
Human apolipoprotein E (apoE) has 3 isoforms: apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4. APOE4 is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease and is associated with dementia in Down syndrome and poor neurological outcome after traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage, and other neuropathological disorders. While apoE4 can induce neuropathology by participating in various cellular and molecular pathways, herein I review data supporting the hypothesis that apoE4 has direct toxic effects on the cerebrovascular system that in turn can lead to secondary neuronal dysfunction and degeneration as well as accumulation of neurotoxins in brain such as β-amyloid (Aβ) in Alzheimer disease. I review Aβ-independent cerebrovascular effects of apoE, particularly activation of a proinflammatory cyclophilin A-mediated pathway in brain vascular pericytes by apoE4 that has recently been shown to lead to a loss of cerebrovascular integrity and blood-brain barrier breakdown causing neuronal injury. I also review Aβ-dependent cerebrovascular effects of apoE such as faulty Aβ clearance from brain to circulation by apoE4. Finally, I discuss isoform-specific interactions of apoE with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 on brain vascular cells (ie, endothelial cells, pericytes), which play an important role in Aβ-independent and Aβ-dependent effects of apoE on cerebral vasculature.
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“APOE4 leads to BBB breakdown, vascular pathology, and diminished clearance of A 𝛃 across the BBB (694), as discussed below.”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [694]
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“APOE exerts toxic effects on the cerebrovascular system (694) and neurons (383, 384) and influences A 𝛃 clearance (60, 64, 98, 135, 256, 266, 278, 294, 315, 693), amyloid deposition (39, 256, 258, 266, 278, 314, 518, 612), and tau-related neurodegeneration (533) in an allele-dependent manner APOE4 > APOE3 > APOE2 .”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [694]
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Citations
Cites
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“factor B–MMP-9 pathway in pericytes via low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1).(13) The study confirmed previous findings in cerebral vascular cells showing that apoE3 and apoE2 have a relatively high affinity for binding and/or interaction with LRP1; this is in contrast to apoE4, which shows weak i…”
InfluentialHuman ApoE isoforms differentially regulate brain amyloid-β peptide clearance
Castellano, J. M., Kim, J., Stewart, F. R., Jiang, H., DeMattos, R. B., Patterson, B. W., Fagan, A. M., Morris, J. C., Mawuenyega, K. G., Cruchaga, C., et al. (2011) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002156 · Cited by 1,242
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zlokovic, B. V.
- Venue
- JAMA Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-04-01
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 440
- ISSN
- 2168-6149 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4414030
- OpenAlex
- W1994259160
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 18.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NS34467)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG023084, R01AG039452, AG23084, R37AG023084, AG039452, RF1AG039452)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R37NS034467, NS34467, R01NS034467)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- apolipoprotein E, APOE ε4, APOE isoforms, cerebrovascular dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta, blood-brain barrier disruption, cyclophilin A, vascular pericytes, neuroinflammation, amyloid clearance, LDL receptor-related protein 1, cerebral vasculature, Down syndrome, traumatic brain injury, cerebral hemorrhage
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Apolipoproteins E, Blood-Brain Barrier, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Humans, Amyloid beta-Peptides, NF-kappa B, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, Cyclophilin A
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