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Incidence of Endocrine Dysfunction Following the Use of Different Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Regimens: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: If not promptly recognized, endocrine dysfunction can be life threatening. The incidence and risk of developing such adverse events (AEs) following the use of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) regimens are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence and risk of endocrine AEs following treatment with US Food and Drug Administration-approved ICI regimens. DATA SOURCES: A PubMed search through July 18, 2016, using the following keywords was performed: "ipilimumab," "MDX-010," "nivolumab," "BMS-963558," "pembrolizumab," "MK-3475," "atezolizumab," "MPDL3280A," and "phase." STUDY SELECTION: Thirty-eight randomized clinical trials evaluating the usage of these ICIs for treatment of advanced solid tumors were identified, resulting in a total of 7551 patients who were eligible for a meta-analysis. Regimens were categorized by class into monotherapy with a PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) inhibitor, a CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4) inhibitor, or a PD-L1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1) inhibitor, and combination therapy with PD-1 plus CTLA-4 inhibitors. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: The data were extracted by 1 primary reviewer (R.B.-S.) and then independently reviewed by 2 secondary reviewers (W.T.B. and A.C.G.-C.) following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Inferences on the incidence of AEs were made using log-odds random effects models. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Incidence of all-grade hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypophysitis, primary adrenal insufficiency, and insulin-deficient diabetes. RESULTS: Overall, 38 randomized clinical trials comprising 7551 patients were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The incidence of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism was highest in patients receiving combination therapy. Patients on the combination regimen were significantly more likely to experience hypothyroidism (odds ratio [OR], 3.81; 95% CI, 2.10-6.91, P < .001) and hyperthyroidism (OR, 4.27; 95% CI, 2.05-8.90; P = .001) than patients on ipilimumab. Compared with patients on ipilimumab, those on PD-1 inhibitors had a higher risk of developing hypothyroidism (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.17-3.05; P = .03). The risk of hyperthyroidism, but not hypothyroidism, was significantly greater with PD-1 than with PD-L1 inhibitors (OR, 5.36; 95% CI, 2.04-14.08; P = .002). While patients who received PD-1 inhibitors were significantly less likely to experience hypophysitis than those receiving ipilimumab (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.18-0.49; P < .001), those who received combination therapy were significantly more likely to develop it (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.39-3.60; P = .001). For primary adrenal insufficiency and insulin-deficient diabetes no statistical inferences were made due to the smaller number of events. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our study provides more precise data on the incidence of endocrine dysfunctions among patients receiving ICI regimens. Patients on combination therapy are at increased risk of thyroid dysfunction and hypophysitis.
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“The occurrence of AI in ICI users has been reported in about 1% of cases and more frequently in individuals receiving combination regimens like anti-CTLA4 plus anti-PD1/PD-L1 agents (4%-8%) (25, 28, 29).”
From The Changing Face of Drug-induced Adrenal Insufficiency in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (2022) · cites this paper as [25]
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“While hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis have been mainly associated with anti-PD1/PDL1 agents (especially in a combination regimen with anti-CTLA4, co-occurring with hepatobiliary and respiratory irAEs), hypophysitis, AI, and hypopituitarism were more frequently reported with anti-CTLA4 drugs (ipilimumab) (25, 26).”
From The Changing Face of Drug-induced Adrenal Insufficiency in the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (2022) · cites this paper as [25]
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“ICI-diabetes is an insulin-deficient phenotype that presents as acute severe hyperglycemia or DKA and appears to occur more abruptly than type 1 diabetes (216-218).”
From 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [217]
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“Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) (agents that block programmed cell death protein 1 [PD-1] and programmed cell death protein ligand 1 [PD-L1]) suppress physiologic blocks on immune responses, which can result in autoimmune toxicities, including autoimmune diabetes (incidence approximately #1%).”
From 9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [217]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Barroso-Sousa, R., Barry, W. T., Garrido-Castro, A. C., Hodi, F. S., Min, L., Krop, I. E., & Tolaney, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tolaney, Sara M.
- Venue
- JAMA Oncology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2018-02-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 173
- ISSN
- 2374-2437 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5838579
- OpenAlex
- W2760410509
- Cited by
- 1,115
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 113 · 2025: 134 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 173 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 46
- FWCI
- 8.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JAMA Oncology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
- Keywords
- endocrine adverse events, immune checkpoint inhibitors, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypophysitis, adrenal insufficiency, insulin-deficient diabetes, PD-1 inhibitors, CTLA-4 inhibitors, PD-L1 inhibitors, combination immunotherapy, ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, advanced solid tumors, adverse event incidence, randomized controlled trials
- MeSH terms
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Endocrine System Diseases, Endocrine Glands, Humans, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms, Incidence, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Cell Cycle Checkpoints
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