The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy
Open accessAbstract
Among the most promising approaches to activating therapeutic antitumour immunity is the blockade of immune checkpoints. Immune checkpoints refer to a plethora of inhibitory pathways hardwired into the immune system that are crucial for maintaining self-tolerance and modulating the duration and amplitude of physiological immune responses in peripheral tissues in order to minimize collateral tissue damage. It is now clear that tumours co-opt certain immune-checkpoint pathways as a major mechanism of immune resistance, particularly against T cells that are specific for tumour antigens. Because many of the immune checkpoints are initiated by ligand-receptor interactions, they can be readily blocked by antibodies or modulated by recombinant forms of ligands or receptors. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) antibodies were the first of this class of immunotherapeutics to achieve US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Preliminary clinical findings with blockers of additional immune-checkpoint proteins, such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1), indicate broad and diverse opportunities to enhance antitumour immunity with the potential to produce durable clinical responses.
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Immunotherapies have shown promising results for reducing metastasis in melanoma or kidney cancer patients.
“Recently, immunotherapies have shown promising results for reducing metastasis in melanoma or kidney cancer patients[1, 2].”
From Microfluidics: A New Tool for Modeling Cancer–Immune Interactions (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
In “Evidence of clinical activity for PD1 blockade” (page unavailable), the review describes promising tumour regressions and clinical responses in patients with melanoma and renal cancer, including patients with metastatic tumours. It does not establish that immunotherapy reduced the occurrence or spread of metastases, as distinct from treating existing cancer. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUnder normal physiological conditions, inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules are essential to maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmunity.
“Under normal physiological conditions, inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules are essential to maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmunity [1,2]”
From Characterizing the molecular regulation of inhibitory immune checkpoints with multimodal single-cell screens (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Several proteins with potential roles in modifying immunotherapy response were strongly down-regulated exclusively in co-culture, including CXCR4, c-KIT, and KDR.
“there was strong down-regulation of several proteins with potential roles in modifying the response to immunotherapies exclusively in co-culture conditions, including CXCR4 (CD184), c-KIT (CD117) and KDR (CD309)23,24”
From Multimodal pooled Perturb-CITE-seq screens in patient models define mechanisms of cancer immune evasion (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
In the tumor microenvironment, stimulatory and inhibitory B7 family members are imbalanced, with high inhibitory and low stimulatory expression.
“There is an active imbalance between stimulatory and inhibitory B7 family members in the tumor microenvironment [1,3,7,8].”
From T cell anergy, exhaustion, senescence, and stemness in the tumor microenvironment (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
TGF-β signaling in T cells activates SHP1 expression, which represses protein tyrosine kinase activities required for TCR signaling.
“Furthermore, TGF-β signaling in T cells activates SHP1 expression, which represses protein tyrosine kinase activities required for TCR signaling203,204.”
From TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy (2021) · cites this paper as [204]
In monotherapy, checkpoint inhibitors have resulted in impressive effects and durable responses in patients with highly refractory and late-stage cancers, such as metastatic melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer.
“In monotherapy, checkpoint inhibitors have resulted in impressive effects and durable responses in patients with highly refractory and late-stage cancers, such as metastatic melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [216].”
From Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development (2019) · cites this paper as [216]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Pardoll, D. M.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pardoll, Drew M.
- ORCID
- Pardoll, Drew M.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Cancer
- Published
- 2012-03-22
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 252-264
- ISSN
- 1474-175X (ISSN-L)
- 1474-1768
- PMC
- PMC4856023
- OpenAlex
- W2066671159
- Cited by
- 13,838
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 652 · 2025: 910 · 2024: 1153 · 2023: 1202 · 2022: 1302 · 2021: 1456 · 2020: 1409 · 2019: 1236 · 2018: 1197 · 2017: 1146 · 2016: 897 · 2015: 647 · 2014: 339 · 2013: 240 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 41.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Melanoma Research Alliance
- Hussman Foundation
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA021765, P30CA006973)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Keywords
- immune checkpoint, cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint blockade, CTLA-4, PD-1, tumor immune evasion, antitumor immunity, self-tolerance, ligand-receptor interactions, antibody therapy, combination therapy, immune resistance
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antigens, Neoplasm, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms, Tumor Escape, Cancer Vaccines, Molecular Targeted Therapy, CTLA-4 Antigen, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
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