The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Diabetic Macular Edema in the United States
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of vision loss in persons with diabetes mellitus. Although there are national estimates for the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and its risk factors among persons with diabetes, to our knowledge, no comparable estimates are available for DME specifically. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of DME in the US population and to identify associated risk factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional analysis of 1038 participants aged 40 years or older with diabetes and valid fundus photographs in the 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The overall prevalence of DME and its prevalence according to age, race/ethnicity, and sex. RESULTS: Of the 1038 persons with diabetes analyzed for this study, 55 had DME, for an overall weighted prevalence of 3.8% (95% CI, 2.7%-4.9%) or approximately 746, 000 persons in the US 2010 population aged 40 years or older. We identified no differences in the prevalence of DME by age or sex. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of having DME were higher for non-Hispanic blacks than for non-Hispanic whites (odds ratio [OR], 2.64; 95% CI, 1.19-5.84; P = .02). Elevated levels of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.26-1.71 for each 1%; P < .001) and longer duration of diabetes (OR, 8.51; 95% CI, 3.70-19.54 for ≥ 10 vs <10 years; P < .001) were also associated with DME prevalence. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These results suggest a greater burden of DME among non-Hispanic blacks, individuals with high levels of hemoglobin A1c, and those with longer duration of diabetes. Given recent treatment advances in reducing vision loss and preserving vision in persons with DME, it is imperative that all persons with diabetes receive early screening; this recommendation is even more important for those at higher risk for DME.
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“For example, African-American patients are three times more likely to present with diabetic macular edema (DME), 1.6 times more likely to present with vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy, and 4 times more likely to present with vision loss as compared to non-Hispanic Whites9–12.”
From Autonomous AI-assisted diabetic retinopathy screening at primary care is associated with increased presentation to eye care by at risk patients (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
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In the citing paper
“For example, African-American patients are three times more likely to present with diabetic macular edema (DME), 1.6 times more likely to present with vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy, and 4 times more likely to present with vision loss as compared to non-Hispanic Whites9–12.”
From Autonomous AI-assisted diabetic retinopathy screening at primary care is associated with increased presentation to eye care by at risk patients (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“For example, African-American patients are three times more likely to present with diabetic macular edema (DME), 1.6 times more likely to present with vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy, and 4 times more likely to present with vision loss as compared to non-Hispanic Whites9–12.”
From Autonomous AI-assisted diabetic retinopathy screening at primary care is associated with increased presentation to eye care by at risk patients (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Citations
Cites
Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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“A population-based study in the United States from 2005 to 2008 estimated the weighted prevalence of DMO as 3.8% or nearly 746,000 people aged 40 or older in 2010 [2].”
Influentialde Oliveira, A. H. P., Ferreira, M. A., & Magalhães, O. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29358-0_78-1
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“26 Thomson et al reported a protective role of smoking against DME in a large cohort.”
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“DME has an estimated global prevalence of approximately 7% of all patients with diabetes, and the absolute prevalence is expected to increase as the overall prevalence of diabetes increases in industrialized nations [12,13].”
Yang, Lvjie, X., Chen, T., Yao, T., Zhang, X., Wang, J., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1826278
“The definition of diabetes refers to the algorithm proposed by Varma et al. (19), combined with questionnaires, self-reporting, laboratory tests and drug use.”
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Liu, D.-Y., Wu, S.-L., Hsia, N., Tien, P., Lin, C., Wang, I., Lai, C., Lin, J., Huang, Y.-T., Wu, B., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15166356
Tilahun, M., Yeneneh, N. A., Dessalegn, M., Adugna, A., Jemal, M., Amha, H., & Mekete, Y. S. (2026) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-026-04282-6
“In contrast, a US NHANES analysis found no independent association between age and DME after adjustment for diabetes duration and other covariates [58], while another population-based study from northeastern China reported an inverse association, with younger age independently associated with a…”
Maehara, C., Tsubota, K., Asakage, M., Gotô, H., & Usui, Y. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14102170
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What is the current role of laser therapy in the management of DME
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Metadata
- Authors
- Varma, R., Bressler, N. M., Doan, Q. V., Gleeson, M., Danese, M., Bower, J. K., Selvin, E., Dolan, C., Fine, J., Colman, S., & Turpcu, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Outcomes Insights, Inc, Westlake Village, California
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Genentech (US)
- Corresponding author
- Varma, Rohit
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2014-11-01
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1334
- ISSN
- 2168-6165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4576994
- OpenAlex
- W2075206985
- Cited by
- 423
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 29.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007024)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- diabetic macular edema, prevalence, risk factors, diabetes mellitus, racial disparities, non-Hispanic blacks, HbA1c, diabetes duration, vision loss, diabetic retinopathy, vision screening
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetic Retinopathy, Ethnicity, Female, Health Surveys, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Macular Edema, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Risk Factors, United States, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution
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