The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Brief Exposure-Based Treatment vs Cognitive Processing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Noninferiority Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Written exposure therapy (WET), a 5-session intervention, has been shown to efficaciously treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, this treatment has not yet been directly compared with a first-line PTSD treatment such as cognitive processing therapy (CPT). Objective: To determine if WET is noninferior to CPT in patients with PTSD. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this randomized clinical trial conducted at a Veterans Affairs medical facility between February 28, 2013, and November 6, 2016, 126 veteran and nonveteran adults were randomized to either WET or CPT. Inclusion criteria were a primary diagnosis of PTSD and stable medication therapy. Exclusion criteria included current psychotherapy for PTSD, high risk of suicide, diagnosis of psychosis, and unstable bipolar illness. Analysis was performed on an intent-to-treat basis. Interventions: Participants assigned to CPT (n = 63) received 12 sessions and participants assigned to WET (n = 63) received 5 sessions. The CPT protocol that includes written accounts was delivered individually in 60-minute weekly sessions. The first WET session requires 60 minutes while the remaining 4 sessions require 40 minutes. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the total score on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5; noninferiority was defined by a score of 10 points. Blinded evaluations were conducted at baseline and 6, 12, 24, and 36 weeks after the first treatment session. Treatment dropout was also examined. Results: For the 126 participants (66 men and 60 women; mean [SD] age, 43.9 [14.6] years), improvements in PTSD symptoms in the WET condition were noninferior to improvements in the CPT condition at each of the assessment periods. The largest difference between treatments was observed at the 24-week assessment (mean difference, 4.31 points; 95% CI, -1.37 to 9.99). There were significantly fewer dropouts in the WET vs CPT condition (4 [6.4%] vs 25 [39.7%]; χ21 = 12.84, Cramer V = 0.40). Conclusions and Relevance: Although WET involves fewer sessions, it was noninferior to CPT in reducing symptoms of PTSD. The findings suggest that WET is an efficacious and efficient PTSD treatment that may reduce attrition and transcend previously observed barriers to PTSD treatment for both patients and providers. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01800773.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“WET is an effective treatment for PTSD and is noninferior to other gold standard PTSD treatments (e.g., Cognitive Processing Therapy) and has lower dropout rates [18–21].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, this is consistent with previous trials of first-line PTSD treatments [19] and in routine clinical care settings [46] and, importantly, higher than what is seen in a PTSD exposure-based treatment trial with a PTSD/SUD population [47].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Longford, N. T., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075823 · Cited by 18,773
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods
Davidian, M. (2003) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2003.s288 · Cited by 13,820
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770
Assessment of client/patient satisfaction: development of a general scale
Larsen, D. L., Attkisson, C. C., Hargreaves, W. A., & Nguyen, T. D. (1979) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/0149-7189(79)90094-6 · Cited by 2,887
Weathers, F. W., Bovin, M. J., Lee, D. J., Sloan, D. M., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000486 · Cited by 1,799
Self-citationCredibility of analogue therapy rationales
Borkovec, T. D., & Nau, S. D. (1972) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(72)90045-6 · Cited by 1,553
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Davey, G. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World · doi:10.4135/9781412995962.n207 · Cited by 1,485
(2007) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,118
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-Patient Edition. New York, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute Biometrics Research Department; 1994.
- Morland LA, Mackintosh MA, Rosen CS, et al. Telemedicine versus in-person delivery of cognitive processing therapy for women with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized noninferiority trial. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32(11):811-820.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–232 of 232
Regis, T. M., & Pucci, S. H. M. (2023) · Saúde Coletiva (Barueri) · doi:10.36489/saudecoletiva.2023v13i88p13427-13446
Intensive, Multi-couple Group Treatment
Fredman, S. J., Blount, T. H., Jacoby, V. M., Monson, C. M., & Peterson, A. L. (2024) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-74838-7_4
McLean, C. P., & Rosenfeld, E. A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009086264.007
Written Exposure Therapy for Adolescents and Young Adults in Integrated Primary Care
Nyquist, A. C. (2025) · Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1177/21694826251353438
Leska, T. M., Schreiber, Z., Astorino, E., Verghese, M., Markowitz, J. C., Seeley, S. H., Brinkman, H. R., Kowalchyk, M. L., Cahn, L., Aaronson, C. J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119828
Kearns, J. C., Stanley, I. H., Sloan, D. M., Young‐McCaughan, S., Tyler, H. C., Hein, J. M., Straud, C. L., Joiner, T. E., Pennebaker, J. W., Rudd, M. D., et al. (2025) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2025.108001
Self-citationPruiksma, K. E., Taylor, D. J., Sloan, D. M., Fredman, S. J., Nagy, S. M., Jahnke, S. A., Haddock, C. K., O’Byrne, K. K., Rasmussen, H., Sutherland, C., et al. (2025) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2025.10.003
Self-citationMeinhausen, C., Ajijola, O. A., & Sumner, J. A. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2564041
Shayani, D. R., Canale, C. A., LoSavio, S. T., Sloan, D. M., & Hayes, A. M. (2025) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2025.09.002
Self-citationGette, J. A., Prakash, K., Saraiya, T. C., Blakey, S. M., & Hien, D. A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-57159-6_78-1
Mahsum, A. V. C. I. (2023) · International Journal of Health Sciences (IJHS) · doi:10.15640/ijhs.v11n1a12
Lu, T., Zheng, H., Wen, X., Shen, X., Zhang, Q., Zhang, D., Li, F., & Zhong, H. (2026) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-026-01050-3
Brown, S. E., Sloan, D. M., Shayani, D. R., & Hayes, A. M. (2026) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2026.103152
Self-citationPierce, Z. P., & Nelson, C. (2026) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2026.112207
Schacht, R. L., Wenzel, K. R., Meyer, L. E., Berg, S. K., & Fishman, M. J. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108732
Thompson‐Hollands, J., Reuman, L., Stoycos, S. A., & Sloan, D. M. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105086
Self-citationHarper, K. L., Kelton, K., Livingston, N. A., Iverson, K. M., Sloan, C. A., Batchelder, A., & Marx, B. P. (2026) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2026.101650
Self-citationEffectiveness of written exposure therapy in group therapy for veterans with PTSD
Ohayon, O., Bechor, U., Yavnai, N., Rotschield, J., & Shelef, L. (2026) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2026.2682619
Schuler, M. S., Weir, R. L., McCullough, C., Hindmarch, G., Griffin, B. A., Becker, K., Meredith, L. S., & Watkins, K. E. (2026) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.70503
Robinson, E., Chapman, C., Orchard, F., Dixon, C., & John, M. (2026) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2025.2581754
Jaipuriyar, V., Behari, K., Rashkovsky, K. T., Girard, R., Sherman, A. L., Chasten, N. T., Epshteyn, G., Lee, J., Helminen, E. C., & Scheer, J. R. (2026) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2026.101666
Written Exposure Therapy for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
DeJesus, C. R., Sloan, D. M., Ogale, N., & Kalia, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29009-1.00103-7
Self-citationAhmadi, S. J., Musavi, Z., Sarwary, S. A., Ebrahimi, D. K., Brown, A. D., Dainer‐Best, J., & Jobson, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1825376
Behavioral Sleep Interventions & Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults
Cusack, D., Mahler, C., Muñoz, I. D. C., Martin, J. L., & Kelly, M. R. (2026) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-026-00382-y
Zlotnick, E., Sorka, H., Barzilay, S., & Huppert, J. D. (2026) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026261459024
Ohayon, O., Bechor, U., Rotschield, J., Lerner, S., & Shelef, L. (2026) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usag351
Tao, E., Arroll, B., Jull, A., Moir, D. F., Roskvist, R. P., Hoeh, N. R., Johnson, R., & Nova, N. (2026) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.70114
Xu, B., Cai, Q., Basha, S. A. J., Anderson, S., Vannini, M. B. N., Malek, N., & Blais, R. K. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2709751
Bechor, U., Rotschield, J., Ohayon, O., Lerner, S., & Shelef, L. (2026) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2026.2737914
In-session cortisol reactivity as a predictor of treatment response in Korean patients with PTSD
Yun, J.-A., Choi, K., Jeong, S. H., Yu, J., & Lee, C.-H. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105171
Straud, C. L., Buccellato, K. H., Martínez, M., Young‐McCaughan, S., Moring, J. C., Barron, S., Carreno, F. R., Lodge, D. J., Morilak, D. A., Marx, B. P., et al. (2026) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.70132
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Sloan, D. M., Marx, B. P., Lee, D. J., & Resick, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- VA Boston Healthcare System (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sloan, Denise M.
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2018-03-01
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 233
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5843538
- OpenAlex
- W2784527080
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15
- FWCI
- 27.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (4r01mh095737-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01‐MH095737, R0MH095737)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, written exposure therapy, cognitive processing therapy, non-inferiority, veterans, PTSD symptom severity, treatment discontinuation, psychotherapy comparison, brief psychotherapy, suicide risk, psychosis risk, treatment efficacy, treatment acceptability
- MeSH terms
- Equivalence Trials as Topic, Adult, Boston, Female, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Dropouts, Psychotherapy, Brief, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Writing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
