Cited by 176Breast Cancer Treatment StudiesGlobal Cancer Incidence and ScreeningBreast Lesions and Carcinomas

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Initial Surgery and Survival in Stage IV Breast Cancer in the United States, 1988-2011

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Thomas, Alexandra, Khan, Seema A., Chrischilles, Elizabeth A., Schroeder, Mary C.·2016·JAMA Surgery

DOI 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.4539PMC PMC5844269

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Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Management of the primary tumor site in patients with metastatic breast cancer remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the patterns of receipt of initial breast surgery for female patients with stage IV breast cancer in the United States, with particular attention to women who survived at least 10 years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective cohort study using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. Female patients diagnosed as having stage IV breast cancer between 1988 and 2011 and who did not receive radiation therapy as part of the first course of treatment were included (N = 21 372). Kaplan-Meier estimates of median survival and descriptive statistics were used to compare patient and tumor characteristics by receipt of breast surgery at diagnosis. A Royston-Parmar survival model and logistic regression analysis assessed demographic and clinical factors associated with survival and prolonged survival (of at least 10 years). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Differences in survival, particularly survival of at least 10 years, by receipt of initial surgery to the primary tumor. RESULTS: Among the 21 372 patients, the median survival increased from 20 months (1988-1991) to 26 months (2007-2011). During this time, the rate of surgery declined (odds ratio [OR], 0.16; 95% CI, 0.12-0.21). Even so, receipt of surgery was associated with improved survival in multivariate analysis, which controlled for patient and clinical characteristics, along with time period (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.57-0.63). For women diagnosed as having cancer before 2002 (n = 7504), survival of at least 10 years was seen in 9.6% (n = 353) and 2.9% (n = 107) of those who did and did not receive surgery, respectively (OR, 3.61; 95% CI, 2.89-4.50). In multivariate analysis, survival of at least 10 years was associated with receipt of surgery (odds ratio, 2.80; 95% CI, 2.08-3.77), hormone receptor-positive disease (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.25-2.48), older age (OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.32-0.54), larger tumor size (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.27-0.51), marital status of being separated at the time of diagnosis (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51-0.88), and more recent year of diagnosis (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.02-1.99). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Survival in stage IV breast cancer has improved and is increasingly of prolonged duration, particularly for some women undergoing initial breast surgery. As systemic therapy advances provide better control of distant disease in stage IV breast cancer, and as women present with lower distant disease burdens, these findings on initial surgery to the primary tumor may be of importance.

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“3 months, which is similar to other studies.(4) However, the median OS among our 3 subgroups ranged widely from 13.”
BackgroundMethodResult
Prognostic significance of molecular subtype, metastatic site and primary tumor surgery for survival in primary metastatic breast cancer
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“More and more works of literature show the effect of surgical treatment on metastatic breast cancer, but the survival bene ﬁ t of surgery has not been clearly established and the choice of surgery in MBC remains controversial (Thomas et al., 2016; Khan et al., 2022; Ren et al., 2024).”
Background
Subdivision of M1 Stage for De Novo Metastatic Breast Cancer to Better Predict Prognosis and Response to Primary Tumor Surgery
Lin, C., Wu, J., Ding, S., Goh, C., Andriani, L., Lu, S., Shen, K., & Zhu, L. (2019) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2019.7332 · Cited by 22
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“Several retrospective studies have demonstrated that local surgery was associated with a better survival in women with metastatic breast cancer (AlJohani et al., 2016; Warschkow et al., 2016; Thomas et al., 2016; Arciero et al., 2019) or in specific subgroups (Rashaan et al.”
Background
Is there a role for locoregional treatment of the primary tumor in de novo metastatic breast cancer in the era of tailored therapies?
Tostivint, E. P., Alouani, E. L., Kirova, Y., Dalenc, F., & Vaysse, C. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103146 · Cited by 20
Surgery of the primary tumor improves survival in women with stage IV breast cancer in Southwest China
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“Recent research in a small population of patients with solitary bone metastases showed a significant improvement in the survival followed by complete excision of the primary breast tumor and regional nodes.([13]) More prospective studies are to be carried out to delineate the effect of surgery in stage IV breast cance…”
BackgroundInfluential
De�novo metastatic breast cancer: Subgroup analysis of molecular subtypes and prognosis
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“For example, among patients with stage IV BC, use of chemotherapy was seen in 52%, two-year overall survival was 40–46%, and median survial was 23 months [20,21].”
Individualized Prediction of Survival Benefit From Locoregional Surgical Treatment for Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer
Zheng, Y., Zhong, G., Yu, K., Lei, K., & Yang, Q. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.00148 · Cited by 16
“When analyzing the cohort ofMBC patients diagnosed from 2010 to 2013, we found the administration of surgical treatment was significantly associated with better OS and BCSS, which was in consistent with the SEER based published studies analyzing the MBC patients between 1988 and 2011 (28).”
Metastasis patterns and prognosis in young breast cancer patients: A SEER database analysis
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“Frontiers in Oncology 06 studies have suggested that MBC patients also benefit from local treatment (25, 26).”
Background
Refusal of cancer-directed surgery in male breast cancer
Wang, S., Chen, S., Huang, Y., Hu, D., Zeng, W., Zhou, L., Zhou, W., Chen, D., Feng, H., Wei, W., et al. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000025116 · Cited by 15
The survival benefits of local surgery in stage IV breast cancer are not affected by breast cancer subtypes: a population-based analysis
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“In addition, an increasing number of retrospective studies support the clinical value of surgery in stage IV BC [14-18, 23, 24].”
Background
Longitudinal Symptom Burden Trajectories in a Population-Based Cohort of Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Group-Based Trajectory Modeling Analysis
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Locoregional treatment of de novo stage IV breast cancer in the era of modern oncology
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A prognostic scoring model for survival after locoregional therapy in de novo stage IV breast cancer
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Radiation therapy for primary tumor of de novo stage IV breast cancer
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“referred to as de novo stage IV breast cancer (1,2).”
Background
Treatment Outcomes and Prognostic Factors in Male Patients With Stage IV Breast Cancer: A Population-based Study
Chen, W., Huang, Y., Lewis, G. D., Szeja, S. S., Hatch, S. S., FARACH, A. M., Miltenburg, D. M., Butler, E. B., Chang, J. C., & Teh, B. S. (2017) · Clinical Breast Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2017.07.005 · Cited by 13
Readdressing the Role of Surgery of the Primary Tumor in de Novo Stage IV Breast Cancer
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Self-citation
Reconstruction in the Metastatic Breast Cancer Patient: Results from the National Cancer Database
Weiss, A. C., Chu, C. K.-C., Lin, H. Y., Shen, Y., Shaitelman, S. F., Garvey, P. B., Bedrosian, I., & Babiera, G. V. (2018) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-018-6693-1 · Cited by 13
“The prognosis is poor but is improving with modern therapy.(2) In a single-institution study from 1987 to 2012, 1298 noninflammatory metastatic breast cancer patients had a median survival of 3.”
Role of Surgery in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Insights from a Narrative Review
Alghamdi, M. A., & Mahmood, S. E. (2023) · Breast Cancer Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/bctt.s405864 · Cited by 12
“Also, the existing evidence reveals that median survival has improved from 20 to 26 months over the last two decades.(9) However, this increased life expectancy may enhance the risk of symptoms among those women who have not undergone surgical removal of the breast.”
Background
Aggressive local therapy for de novo metastatic breast cancer: Challenges and updates (Review)
Liu, B., Liu, H., & Liu, M. (2023) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2023.8600 · Cited by 12
Immediate Breast Reconstruction in De Novo Metastatic Breast Cancer: An Analysis of 563 Cases Based on the SEER Database
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Primary tumor removal improves the prognosis in patients with stage IV breast cancer: A population-based study (cohort study)
Yao, N., Li, W., Liu, T., Siyin, S. T., Chen, X., Wang, W., Duan, N., Chen, Y., & Qu, J. (2020) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.08.056 · Cited by 12
Therapeutic role of axillary lymph node dissection in patients with stage IV breast cancer: a population-based analysis
Wu, S., Li, F., Chen, Y., Sun, J., Lin, H., Lin, Q., & He, Z. (2016) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-016-2295-0 · Cited by 12
The prognostic role of surgery and a nomogram to predict the survival of stage IV breast cancer patients
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Impact of Primary Tumor Surgery in Stage IV Male Breast Cancer
Muzaffar, M., Kachare, S. D., & Vohra, N. A. (2016) · Clinical Breast Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2016.11.001 · Cited by 12
“Our results are similar to other studies conducted in female breast cancer patients; patients in the surgery group had more T1 and T2 primary tumors compared to patients who did not undergo surgery.(12,23,26) The justification for resection of the primary tumor is based on the biologic rationale of correlation between…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Clinical information and management status of de novo stage IV breast cancer patients: a Chinese multicenter investigation (CSBrS-002)
Zheng, A., Guo, B., Zhang, J., & Jin, F. (2021) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000001415 · Cited by 11
Effect of Postoperative Radiotherapy after Primary Tumor Resection in De Novo Stage IV Breast Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Study (KROG 19-02)
Kim, Y. J., Kim, Y.-J., Kim, Y. B., Lee, I. J., Kwon, J., Kim, K., Cha, J., Kim, M., Jo, I. Y., Kim, J. H., et al. (2021) · Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.4143/crt.2021.632 · Cited by 11
Personalized surgical recommendations and quantitative therapeutic insights for patients with metastatic breast cancer: Insights from deep learning
Zhu, E., Zhang, L., Wang, J., Hu, C., Jing, Q., Shi, W., Xu, Z., Ai, P., Dai, Z., Shan, D., et al. (2024) · Cancer Innovation · doi:10.1002/cai2.119 · Cited by 11
“…such as those with bone ‐ only metastasis or hormone receptor – positive or human epidermal growth factor receptor ‐ 2 (HER) ‐ negative tumors, surgery might offer some survival benefits [13, 14], as indicated by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Clinical Practice Guidelines [15].”
Effect of local surgery on outcomes of stage IV breast cancer
Tsukioki, T., Shien, T., & Doihara, H. (2020) · Translational Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tcr.2020.01.60 · Cited by 11
“81 in the groups diagnosed after 2007 (6).”
Background
Impact of Postoperative Radiotherapy on Survival of Patients With de novo Stage IV Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Study From the SEER Database
Zhang, J., Luo, S., Qiu, Z., Lin, Y., & Song, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.625628 · Cited by 10
Breast surgery for patients with de novo metastatic breast cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Chongxi, R., Jianna, S., Kong, L., & Wang, H. (2023) · European Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2023.107308 · Cited by 11
Surgery of the primary tumor in patients with de novo metastatic breast cancer: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study in Belgium
Brandão, M., Martins-Branco, D. A., Angelis, C. D., Vuylsteke, P., Gelber, R. D., Damme, N. V., van Walle, L., Ferreira, A. R., Lambertini, M., Poggio, F. B., et al. (2023) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-023-07116-6 · Cited by 9
Is surgical axillary staging necessary in women with T1 breast cancer who are treated with breast‐conserving therapy?
Wang, J., Tang, H., Li, X., Song, C., Xiong, Z., Wang, X., Xie, X., & Tang, J. (2019) · 癌症：英文版 · doi:10.1186/s40880-019-0371-y · Cited by 9
From women to women—hematuria during therapy for metastatic breast cancer, what to suspect and when to be alarmed; Bladder metastasis from breast cancer—our experience and a systematic literature review
Malinaric, R., Balzarini, F., Granelli, G., Ferrari, A., Trani, G., Ambrosini, F., Mantica, G., Panarello, D., Rose, A. F. D., & Terrone, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.976947 · Cited by 9
“Although considered incurable with poor prognosis, survival rates at 5 years in women with metastatic disease has bettered significantly in the last years, with median overall survival raising from 20 to 26 months (8).”
Background
Significance of primary lesion resection in Stage IV breast cancer
Shien, T., & Iwata, H. (2017) · Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1093/jjco/hyx027 · Cited by 9
HER2 Receptor Conversion Is a strong Survival Predictor in Patients with Breast Cancer Brain Metastases
Michel, A., Oppong, M. D., Rauschenbach, L., Pierscianek, D., Dinger, T. F., Schmidt, T., Hense, J., Pöttgen, C., Kimmig, R., Ahmadipour, Y., et al. (2021) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.05.096 · Cited by 8
Treatment Patterns Among De Novo Metastatic Cancer Patients Who Died Within 1 Month of Diagnosis
Sineshaw, H. M., Jemal, A., Ng, K., Osarogiagbon, R. U., Yabroff, K. R., Ruddy, K. J., & Freedman, R. A. (2019) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkz021 · Cited by 8
Prognostic value of primary tumor surgery in de novo stage IV breast cancer patients with different metastatic burdens: a propensity score-matched and population-based study
Yang, Y., Chen, Y.-L., Di, G., Jiang, Y., & Shao, Z. (2019) · Translational Cancer Research · doi:10.21037/tcr.2019.03.21 · Cited by 8
“Numerous retrospective studies have demonstrated the benefits of primary site surgery in stage IV breast cancer patients, although various confounding factors may contribute to biases between surgery and the nonsurgery groups (4,11-14).”
Background
Aggressive Local Treatment Improves Survival in Stage IV Breast Cancer With Synchronous Metastasis
Lian, C., Guo, L., Zhang, L., Wang, J., Lei, J., Li, H., He, Z., & Wu, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2020.522580 · Cited by 8
Outcomes following stereotactic radiosurgery or whole brain radiation therapy by molecular subtype of metastatic breast cancer
Haque, W. M., Verma, V., Adeberg, S., Rustomily, R., Lo, S. S.-M., Butler, E. B., & Teh, B. S. (2021) · Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy · doi:10.5603/rpor.a2021.0045 · Cited by 8
“Additionally, the finding that any local surgery, including either lumpectomy or mastectomy, was associated with improved OS when compared to no local surgery is in line with the findings of other published reports [19, 20].”
Result
A Novel Nomogram Model to Identify Candidates and Predict the Possibility of Benefit From Primary Tumor Resection Among Female Patients With Metastatic Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma of the Breast: A Large Cohort Study
Wang, Z., Chen, B., Chen, J., Wu, Z., Gu, H.-Y., Wang, Y., & Dai, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.798016 · Cited by 8
“Approximately 6%–10% of female patients were diagnosed with stage IV BC (18), and about 20%–30% of early-stage patients would develop distant metastasis (21).”
BackgroundResult
Traitement de la maladie primitive (cancers du sein, du poumon non à petites cellules et de la prostate), par irradiation, au stade d’emblée métastatique
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The Clinical and Prognostic Characteristics of Primary Salivary Gland-Type Carcinoma in the Lung: A Population-Based Study
Wu, L., Qian, J., Li, C., Zhang, Y., Lin, W.-K., Li, K., Li, Z., & Xie, D. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14194668 · Cited by 7
“Married patients had a better survival than nonmarried patients, which is in accordance with some studies involving other malignant tumors [22,23].”
Result
Radiotherapy of the Primary Disease for Synchronous Metastatic Cancer: A Systematic Review
Ghannam, Y., Laville, A., Kirova, Y., Latorzeff, I., Lévy, A., Zhou, Y., & Bourbonne, V. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14235929 · Cited by 7
“, 2016 [31] 21372 13042 (61%) NR NR NA 9.”
Breast Reconstruction in the Setting of Stage 4 Breast Cancer: Is It Worthwhile?
Asaad, M., Meaike, J. D., Yonkus, J. A., Hoskin, T. L., Hieken, T. J., Martinez‐Jorge, J., Tran, N. V., Nguyen, M.-D. T., Boughey, J. C., & Degnim, A. C. (2020) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-020-08879-8 · Cited by 7
Primary-Site Local Therapy for Patients with De Novo Metastatic Breast Cancer: An Educational Review
Khan, S. A., Schuetz, S. J., & Hosseini, O. (2022) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-022-11900-x · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Survival Benefit of Surgical Removal of Primary Tumor in Patients With Stage IV Breast Cancer
Kim, H. J., Kang, E., Kim, J. H., Kim, S. H., Kim, Y. J., Kim, I. A., Eom, K., Chae, S., Kang, K. M., Kim, E., et al. (2018) · Clinical Breast Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clbc.2018.05.005 · Cited by 7
Primary tumor surgery improves survival of cancer patients with synchronous solitary bone metastasis: a large population-based study
Wu, W., Zhang, H., Fang, Z., & Li, F. (2021) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-20-4764 · Cited by 6
Is Surgical Management of Primary Beneficial in Metastatic Breast Cancer??
Patel, G. L., Reddy, B. V. K., & Patil, P. K. (2021) · Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s13193-021-01329-1 · Cited by 6
The Role of Primary Surgery in De Novo Metastatic Breast Carcinoma
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“According to retrospective studies, HR-positive dnMBC patients benefit the most from LRT (33-35).”
Background
Affluence and Private Health Insurance Influence Treatment and Survival in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
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Options for postoperative radiation therapy in patients with de novo metastatic breast cancer
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Influential
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Authors: Thomas, A., Khan, S. A., Chrischilles, E. A., & Schroeder, M. C.
Affiliations: University of Iowa (US)
Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author: Schroeder, Mary C.
ORCID: Thomas, Alexandra
Khan, Seema A.
Chrischilles, Elizabeth A.
Schroeder, Mary C.
Venue: JAMA Surgery
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2016-05-01
Volume: 151
Issue: 5
Pages: 424
ISSN: 2168-6254 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.4539
PMC: PMC5844269
OpenAlex: W2185644057
Cited by: 176
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 9
FWCI: 4.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: JAMA Surgery (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (P30CA086862)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Breast Lesions and Carcinomas
Keywords: metastatic breast cancer, primary tumor resection, long-term survival, patterns of care, SEER, prognostic factors, racial disparities in treatment, regional variation in treatment, health insurance status
MeSH terms: Age Factors, Aged, Breast Neoplasms, Humans, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasm Staging, Receptors, Estrogen, Receptors, Progesterone, Retrospective Studies, United States, Survival Rate, Marital Status, SEER Program, Tumor Burden, Kaplan-Meier Estimate

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Initial Surgery and Survival in Stage IV Breast Cancer in the United States, 1988-2011

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