The DOI matches its Crossref record; 228 of the 230 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Hormone therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Evidence from systematic reviews of observational studies suggests that hormone therapy may have beneficial effects in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease events in post-menopausal women, however the results of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have had mixed results. This is an updated version of a Cochrane review published in 2013. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of hormone therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women, and whether there are differential effects between use in primary or secondary prevention. Secondary aims were to undertake exploratory analyses to (i) assess the impact of time since menopause that treatment was commenced (≥ 10 years versus < 10 years), and where these data were not available, use age of trial participants at baseline as a proxy (≥ 60 years of age versus < 60 years of age); and (ii) assess the effects of length of time on treatment. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following databases on 25 February 2014: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS. We also searched research and trials registers, and conducted reference checking of relevant studies and related systematic reviews to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: RCTs of women comparing orally administered hormone therapy with placebo or a no treatment control, with a minimum of six months follow-up. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each outcome. We combined results using random effects meta-analyses, and undertook further analyses to assess the effects of treatment as primary or secondary prevention, and whether treatment was commenced more than or less than 10 years after menopause. MAIN RESULTS: We identified six new trials through this update. Therefore the review includes 19 trials with a total of 40,410 post-menopausal women. On the whole, study quality was good and generally at low risk of bias; the findings are dominated by the three largest trials. We found high quality evidence that hormone therapy in both primary and secondary prevention conferred no protective effects for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, angina, or revascularisation. However, there was an increased risk of stroke in those in the hormone therapy arm for combined primary and secondary prevention (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.41). Venous thromboembolic events were increased (RR 1.92, 95% CI 1.36 to 2.69), as were pulmonary emboli (RR 1.81, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.48) on hormone therapy relative to placebo.The absolute risk increase for stroke was 6 per 1000 women (number needed to treat for an additional harmful outcome (NNTH) = 165; mean length of follow-up: 4.21 years (range: 2.0 to 7.1)); for venous thromboembolism 8 per 1000 women (NNTH = 118; mean length of follow-up: 5.95 years (range: 1.0 to 7.1)); and for pulmonary embolism 4 per 1000 (NNTH = 242; mean length of follow-up: 3.13 years (range: 1.0 to 7.1)).We performed subgroup analyses according to when treatment was started in relation to the menopause. Those who started hormone therapy less than 10 years after the menopause had lower mortality (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.95, moderate quality evidence) and coronary heart disease (composite of death from cardiovascular causes and non-fatal myocardial infarction) (RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.96; moderate quality evidence), though they were still at increased risk of venous thromboembolism (RR 1.74, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.73, high quality evidence) compared to placebo or no treatment. There was no strong evidence of effect on risk of stroke in this group. In those who started treatment more than 10 years after the menopause there was high quality evidence that it had little effect on death or coronary heart disease between groups but there was an increased risk of stroke (RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.38, high quality evidence) and venous thromboembolism (RR 1.96, 95% CI 1.37 to 2.80, high quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Our review findings provide strong evidence that treatment with hormone therapy in post-menopausal women overall, for either primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events has little if any benefit and causes an increase in the risk of stroke and venous thromboembolic events.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“subsequent re-analyses of the WHI data revealed cardiometabolic benefits of MHT in women aged 50-59 (216–218).”
From Metabolic impact of endogenously produced estrogens by adipose tissue in females and males across the lifespan (2025) · cites this paper as [217]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Wimalawansa, S. J. (1995) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80102-8 · Cited by 152
RetractedThe CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
(1992) · PubMed · Cited by 33,716
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2002) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.321 · Cited by 15,889
EuroQol: a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life
(1990) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/0168-8510(90)90421-9 · Cited by 15,736
Pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders in adults
Kleinstäuber, M., Witthöft, M., Steffanowski, A., van Marwijk, H., Hiller, W., & Lambert, M. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010628.pub2 · Cited by 11,369
Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010.
Alwan, A. (2011) · Cited by 8,494
Hulley, S. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.7.605 · Cited by 6,216
Research works printed but not linked: 21
- Hsia, 2006, Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease, Archives of Internal Medicine, 291, 1701
- Grady, 2002, Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II), JAMA, 288, 49, 10.1001/jama.288.1.49 · DOI
- Madsen, 2003, Positive impact of hormone replacement therapy on the fibrinolytic system: a long-term randomized controlled study in healthy postmenopausal women, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 1, 1984, 10.1046/j.1538-7836.2003.00362.x · DOI
- Pagliaro D Tangalakis K Kingwell B Craven R Carey M Stojanovska L The effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on performance, cardiovascular parameters and bone resorption in post menopausal 'masters' athletes Proceedings of the 3rd Congress of the Australasian Menopause Society; 1999; Cairns 1999
- Post, 2003, Route of HRT administration and risk factors for venous thrombosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled study in healthy postmenopausal women, International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 83, 35
- Gallagher, 2012, Bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens: Effects on bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in a double-blind, randomised, placebo- and active-controlled phase 3 study, Osteoporosis International, 23, S63
- Mirkin, 2012, Effects of bazedoxifene/conjugated estrogens on coagulation parameters in a 1-year, randomized, placebo-and active-controlled, phase 3 trial of postmenopausal women, Endocrine Reviews, 33, 3 Meeting Abstr
- Ylikorkala, 1999, Effects of a 1-year pulsed progestogen, constant estrogen hormone replacement therapy regimen, Prefest, on serum lipid levels in postmenopausal women, European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, 86, S18
- Naftolin, 2012, Adverse events during four years of daily oral conjugated estrogen or transdermal estradiol plus cyclic oral progesterone treatment in recently menopausal women: The KRONOS early estrogen prevention study (KEEPS), Menopause, 19, 1402
- Howard, 2011, The early versus late intervention trial with estradiol (ELITE), Climacteric, 14, 35
- Curb, 2006, Venous thrombosis and conjugated equine estrogen in women without a uterus, Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 772, 10.1001/archinte.166.7.772 · DOI
- Cushman, 2004, Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis, JAMA, 292, 1573, 10.1001/jama.292.13.1573 · DOI · Paper page
- Maat, 2007, Genetic variation in estrogen receptor, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen does not predict the plasma levels of inflammation markers after long term hormone replacement therapy, Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 97, 234, 10.1160/TH06-08-0426 · DOI
- Grady, 1998, Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS): design, methods, and baseline characteristics, Controlled Clinical Trials, 19, 314, 10.1016/S0197-2456(98)00010-5 · DOI · Paper page
- Hendrix, 2006, Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on stroke in the women's health initiative, Circulation, 113, 2425, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594077 · DOI
- Hsia, 2006, Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: The Women's Health Initiative, Archives of Internal Medicine, 166, 357, 10.1001/archinte.166.3.357 · DOI
- Manson, 2003, Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease, New England Journal of Medicine, 349, 523, 10.1056/NEJMoa030808 · DOI · Paper page
- The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan) 2014
- Stefanick, 2003, The Women's Health Initiative postmenopausal hormone trials: overview and baseline characteristics of participants, Annals of Epidemiology, 13, S78, 10.1016/S1047-2797(03)00045-0 · DOI
- Tofteng, 2002, Two Polymorphisms in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene—Association With Bone Mass and 5-Year Change in BoneMass With or Without Hormone-Replacement Therapy inPostmenopausal Women: The Danish OsteoporosisPrevention Study, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 17, 1535, 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.8.1535 · DOI
- Wassertheil-Smoller, 2003, Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women, JAMA, 289, 2673, 10.1001/jama.289.20.2673 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes
Vrints, C. J., Andreotti, F., Koskinas, K. C., Rosselló, X., Adamo, M., Ainslie, J., BANNING, A. P., Budaj, A., Buechel, R. R., Chiariello, G. A., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae177 · Cited by 3,521
Virani, S. S., Newby, L. K., Arnold, S. V., Bittner, V., Brewer, L. C., Demeter, S. H., Dixon, D. L., Fearon, W. F., Hess, B., Johnson, H. M., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001168 · Cited by 1,598
Hankey, G. J. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30962-x · Cited by 1,311
El Khoudary, S. R., Aggarwal, B., Beckie, T. M., Hodis, H. N., Johnson, A. E., Langer, R. D., Limacher, M. C., Manson, J. E., Stefanick, M. L., Allison, M. A., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000912 · Cited by 1,219
The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society
The North American Menopause Society (2017) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000000921 · Cited by 1,042
2016 IMS Recommendations on women’s midlife health and menopause hormone therapy
Baber, R., Panay, N., & Fenton, A. J. (2016) · Climacteric · doi:10.3109/13697137.2015.1129166 · Cited by 968
The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society
(2022) · Menopause · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000002028 · Cited by 977
Treatment of symptoms of the menopause: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Stuenkel, C. A., Davis, S. R., Gompel, A., Lumsden, M. A., Murad, M. H., Pinkerton, J. V., & Santen, R. J. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2236 · Cited by 884
Vascular effects of early versus late postmenopausal treatment with estradiol
Hodis, H. N., Mack, W. J., Henderson, V. W., Shoupe, D., Budoff, M. J., Hwang-Levine, J., Li, Y., Feng, M., Dustin, L., Kono, N., et al. (2016) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1505241 · Cited by 779
Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
Farquhar, C. M., Marjoribanks, J., Lethaby, A. E., Suckling, J. A., & Okonkwo, Q. L. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004143.pub2 · Cited by 587
Virani, S. S., Newby, L. K., Arnold, S. V., Bittner, V., Brewer, L. C., Demeter, S. H., Dixon, D. L., Fearon, W. F., Hess, B., Johnson, H. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003 · Cited by 596
Zhu, D., Chung, H., Dobson, A. J., Pandeya, N., Giles, G. G., Bruinsma, F., Brunner, E. J., Kuh, D. J., Hardy, R., Avis, N. E., et al. (2019) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30155-0 · Cited by 589
Hormone-replacement therapy: current thinking
Lobo, R. A. (2016) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.164 · Cited by 526
Bots, S. H., Peters, S. A. E., & Woodward, M. (2017) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000298 · Cited by 505
(2021) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001831 · Cited by 481
Nussbaumer-Streit, B., Klerings, I., Dobrescu, A. I., Persad, E., Stevens, A., Garritty, C., Kamel, C., Affengruber, L., King, V. J., & Gartlehner, G. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.10.011 · Cited by 440
Long-term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
Marjoribanks, J., Farquhar, C. M., Roberts, H., Lethaby, A. E., & Lee, J. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004143.pub5 · Cited by 447
Pregnancy and Reproductive Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Women
O’Kelly, A. C., Michos, E. D., SHUFELT, C. L., Vermunt, J. V., Minissian, M., Quesada, O., Smith, G. N., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Garovic, V. D., Khoudary, S. R. E., et al. (2022) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.121.319895 · Cited by 358
Cardiovascular Disease and the Female Disadvantage
Woodward, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16071165 · Cited by 329
Sex and gender in cardiovascular medicine: presentation and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome
Haider, A., Bengs, S., Luu, J., Osto, E., Siller-Matula, J. M., Muka, T., & Gebhard, C. (2019) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz898 · Cited by 322
The Controversial History of Hormone Replacement Therapy
Cagnacci, A., & Venier, M. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina55090602 · Cited by 300
Maraka, S., Ospina, N., Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, R., Davidge-Pitts, C. J., Nippoldt, T., Prokop, L., & Murad, H. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01643 · Cited by 248
Estrogen therapy for osteoporosis in the modern era
Levin, V. A., Jiang, X., & Kagan, R. (2018) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-018-4414-z · Cited by 259
Crandall, C. J., Hovey, K. M. O., Andrews, C., Chlebowski, R. T., Stefanick, M. L., Lane, D. S., Shifren, J. L., Chen, C., Kaunitz, A. M., Cauley, J. A., et al. (2017) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000000956 · Cited by 258
Menopause: a cardiometabolic transition
Nappi, R. E., Chedraui, P., Lambrinoudaki, I. V., & Simoncini, T. (2022) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00076-6 · Cited by 283
Menopausal osteoporosis: screening, prevention and treatment
Yong, E., & Logan, S. J. S. (2021) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.11622/smedj.2021036 · Cited by 240
Rethinking Menopausal Hormone Therapy: For Whom, What, When, and How Long?
Cho, L., Kaunitz, A. M., Faubion, S. S., Hayes, S. N., Lau, E. S., Pristera, N., Scott, N. S., Shifren, J. L., SHUFELT, C. L., Stuenkel, C. A., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.122.061559 · Cited by 242
Menopausal hormone therapy and women’s health: An umbrella review
Zhang, G.-Q., Chen, J.-L., Luo, Y., Mathur, M. B., Anagnostis, P. G., Nurmatov, U. B., Talibov, M., Zhang, J., Hawrylowicz, C. M., Lumsden, M. A., et al. (2021) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003731 · Cited by 228
Short-term and long-term effects of tibolone in postmenopausal women
Formoso, G., Perrone, E., Maltoni, S., Balduzzi, S., Wilkinson, J., Basevi, V., Marata, A. M., Magrini, N., D’Amico, R., Bassi, M. C., et al. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008536.pub3 · Cited by 194
Hodis, H. N., & Mack, W. J. (2022) · The Cancer Journal · doi:10.1097/ppo.0000000000000591 · Cited by 211
Quaternary prevention: reviewing the concept
Martins, C., Godycki-Ćwirko, M., Heleno, B., & Brodersen, J. (2018) · European Journal of General Practice · doi:10.1080/13814788.2017.1422177 · Cited by 210
Risks, Benefits, and Treatment Modalities of Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Current Concepts
Mehta, J. M., Kling, J. M., & Manson, J. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.564781 · Cited by 206
The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS): what have we learned?
Miller, V. M., Naftolin, F. N., Asthana, S., Black, D. M., Brinton, E. A., Budoff, M. J., Cedars, M. I., Dowling, N. M., Gleason, C. E., Hodis, H. N., et al. (2019) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001326 · Cited by 188
Therapeutic options and drug delivery strategies for the prevention of intrauterine adhesions
Kou, L., Jiang, X., Xiao, S., Zhao, Y., Yao, Q., & Chen, R. (2019) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.007 · Cited by 185
Newman, C. B., Blaha, M. J., Boord, J. B., Cariou, B., Chait, A., Fein, H. G., Ginsberg, H. N., Goldberg, I. J., Murad, M. H., Subramanian, S., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa674 · Cited by 182
Management of menopause: a view towards prevention
Lobo, R. A., & Gompel, A. (2022) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00269-2 · Cited by 183
Treating menopause — MHT and beyond
Davis, S. R., & Baber, R. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00685-4 · Cited by 189
Female- and Male-Specific Risk Factors for Stroke
Poorthuis, M. H. F., Algra, A. M., Algra, A., Kappelle, L. J., & Klijn, C. J. M. (2016) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.3482 · Cited by 177
Oral Contraceptives and HRT Risk of Thrombosis
Gialeraki, A. E., Valsami, S. I., Pittaras, T., Panayiotakopoulos, G. D., & Politou, M. (2017) · Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis · doi:10.1177/1076029616683802 · Cited by 169
The 2017 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society
(2018) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001241 · Cited by 172
Management of perimenopausal and menopausal symptoms
Duralde, E. R., Sobel, T., & Manson, J. E. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072612 · Cited by 207
Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Women
Gartlehner, G., Patel, S. V., Feltner, C., Weber, R. P., de Long, R., Mullican, K., Boland, E., Lux, L. J., & Viswanathan, M. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.16952 · Cited by 166
Metabolic Disorders in Menopause
Jeong, H. G., & Park, H. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12100954 · Cited by 179
Vascular Stiffness in Aging and Disease
Vatner, S. F., Zhang, J., Vyzas, C., Mishra, K., Graham, R. M., & Vatner, D. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.762437 · Cited by 152
Premature Menopause, Clonal Hematopoiesis, and Coronary Artery Disease in Postmenopausal Women
Honigberg, M. C., Zekavat, S. M., Niroula, A., Griffin, G. K., Bick, A. G., Pirruccello, J. P., Nakao, T., Whitsel, E. A., Farland, L. V., Laurie, C. A., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.051775 · Cited by 150
Hormone replacement therapy – Current recommendations
Vigneswaran, K., & Hamoda, H. (2022) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.12.001 · Cited by 151
Zhu, D., Chung, H., Dobson, A. J., Pandeya, N., Brunner, E. J., Kuh, D. J., Greenwood, D. C., Hardy, R., Cade, J. E., Giles, G. G., et al. (2020) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deaa124 · Cited by 154
Lobo, R. A., Pickar, J. H., Stevenson, J. C., Mack, W. J., & Hodis, H. N. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.10.005 · Cited by 152
The 2020 Menopausal Hormone Therapy Guidelines
Lee, S. R., Cho, M. K., Cho, Y. J., Chun, S., Hong, S.-H., Hwang, K. R., Jeon, G., Joo, J. K., Kim, S. K., Lee, D. O., et al. (2020) · Journal of Menopausal Medicine · doi:10.6118/jmm.20000 · Cited by 136
Hamley, S. (2017) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0254-5 · Cited by 133
Women-Specific Factors to Consider in Risk, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Harvey, R. E., Coffman, K. E., & Miller, V. M. (2015) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.14.64 · Cited by 124
Sex-specific influence on cardiac structural remodeling and therapy in cardiovascular disease
Kessler, E. L., Rivaud, M. R., Vos, M. A., & van Veen, T. A. B. (2019) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-019-0223-0 · Cited by 124
Blanc, J. L., & Lordkipanidzé, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2019.00109 · Cited by 133
The interplay between diabetes mellitus and menopause: clinical implications
Lambrinoudaki, I. V., Paschou, S. Α., Armeni, E., & Goulis, D. G. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00708-0 · Cited by 131
Sex hormones in women with kidney disease
Ahmed, S. B., & Ramesh, S. (2016) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfw084 · Cited by 123
Optimising health after early menopause
Mishra, G. D., Davies, M. C., Hillman, S., Chung, H., Roy, S., Maclaran, K., & Hickey, M. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02800-3 · Cited by 132
Stroke Risk Factors Unique to Women
Demel, S. L., Kittner, S. J., Ley, S. H., McDermott, M., & Rexrode, K. M. (2018) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.018415 · Cited by 124
Hormone therapy regimens for managing the menopause and premature ovarian insufficiency
Armeni, E., Paschou, S. Α., Goulis, D. G., & Lambrinoudaki, I. V. (2021) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2021.101561 · Cited by 116
Kim, J.-E., Chang, J.-H., Jeong, M.-J., Choi, J., Park, J., Baek, C., Shin, A., Park, S. M., Kang, D., & Choi, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77534-9 · Cited by 122
Menopause-associated risk of cardiovascular disease
Anagnostis, P. G., Lambrinoudaki, I. V., Stevenson, J. C., & Goulis, D. G. (2022) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-21-0537 · Cited by 126
Panay, N., Ang, S. B., Cheshire, R., Goldstein, S. R., Maki, P. M., Nappi, R. E., & on behalf of the International Menopause Society Board (2024) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697137.2024.2394950 · Cited by 111
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Aging and anti-aging: a Combo-Endocrinology overview
Diamanti‐Kandarakis, E., Dattilo, M., Μacut, D., Duntas, L. H., Gonos, E. S., Goulis, D. G., Kanaka‐Gantenbein, C., Καπετάνου, Μ., Koukkou, E. G., Lambrinoudaki, I. V., et al. (2017) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-16-1061 · Cited by 105
Sex differences in ischaemic stroke: potential cellular mechanisms
Chauhan, A., Moser, H., & McCullough, L. D. (2017) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20160841 · Cited by 107
Cardiovascular health in transgender people
Irwig, M. S. (2018) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-018-9454-3 · Cited by 109
Unraveling female reproductive senescence to enhance healthy longevity
Dong, L., Teh, D. B. L., Kennedy, B. K., & Huang, Z. (2023) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/s41422-022-00718-7 · Cited by 101
Dietary guidelines and health—is nutrition science up to the task?
Mozaffarian, D., & Forouhi, N. G. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k822 · Cited by 103
Ghaffari, S., Nabi, F. N., Sugiyama, M. G., & Lee, W. L. (2018) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.118.310792 · Cited by 97
Cardiovascular Disease in Women: From Pathophysiology to Novel and Emerging Risk Factors
Geraghty, L. E., Figtree, G. A., Schutte, A. E., Patel, S., Woodward, M., & Arnott, C. G. (2020) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2020.05.108 · Cited by 103
Chiu, H., Pan, C.-H., Shyu, Y., Han, B., & Tsai, P. (2014) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000000260 · Cited by 96
Menopause transition and cardiovascular disease risk
Uddenberg, E. R., Safwan, N., Saadedine, M., Hurtado, M. D., Faubion, S. S., & SHUFELT, C. L. (2024) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2024.107974 · Cited by 107
Anti-Müllerian Hormone Trajectories Are Associated With Cardiovascular Disease in Women
de Kat, A. C., Verschuren, W. M. M., Eijkemans, M. J. C., Broekmans, F. J., & van der Schouw, Y. T. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.025968 · Cited by 94
Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopause: A Practical Guide on Current Treatments and Future Perspectives
Khan, S. J., Kapoor, E., Faubion, S. S., & Kling, J. M. (2023) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s365808 · Cited by 98
The menopausal transition period and cardiovascular risk
Mehta, J. M., & Manson, J. E. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00926-7 · Cited by 99
Gender Differences in Ocular Blood Flow
Schmidl, D., Schmetterer, L. F., Garhöfer, G., & Popa‐Cherecheanu, A. (2014) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.3109/02713683.2014.906625 · Cited by 88
Cardiovascular risk assessment in women – an update
Collins, P. D., Webb, C. M., de Villiers, T. J., Stevenson, J. C., Panay, N., & Baber, R. (2016) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697137.2016.1198574 · Cited by 82
Metabolic benefits afforded by estradiol and testosterone in both sexes: clinical considerations
Mauvais‐Jarvis, F., & Lindsey, S. H. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci180073 · Cited by 93
Yang, Y., Zheng, X., Li, B., Jiang, S., & Jiang, L. (2014) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.069 · Cited by 80
Nussbaumer-Streit, B., Klerings, I., Wagner, G., Heise, T. L., Dobrescu, A. I., Armijo-Olivo, S., Stratil, J. M., Persad, E., Lhachimi, S. K., Van Noord, M. G., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.05.022 · Cited by 72
A roadmap for sex- and gender-disaggregated health research
Peters, S. A. E., & Woodward, M. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-03060-w · Cited by 84
Lipid profiles and ovarian reserve status: a longitudinal study
Tehrani, F. R., Erfani, H., Cheraghi, L., Tohidi, M., & Azizi, F. (2014) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deu249 · Cited by 68
Vellanki, K., & Hou, S. (2018) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.12.019 · Cited by 68
van Koeverden, I. D., de Bakker, M., Haitjema, S., van der Laan, S. W., de Vries, J. P. P. M., Hoefer, I. E., de Borst, G. J., Pasterkamp, G., & den Ruijter, H. M. (2018) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvy188 · Cited by 68
McNeil, M., & Merriam, S. B. (2021) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/aitc202107200 · Cited by 66
Lumsden, M. A., Dekkers, O. M., Faubion, S. S., Hirschberg, A. L., Jayasena, C. N., Lambrinoudaki, I. V., Louwers, Y. V., Pinkerton, J. V., Šojat, A. S., & van Hulsteijn, L. T. (2025) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvaf206 · Cited by 82
Sex, thrombosis and inherited thrombophilia
Bleker, S. M., Coppens, M., & Middeldorp, S. (2014) · Blood Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.blre.2014.03.005 · Cited by 67
Fonseca, M. I. H., da Silva, I. T., & Ferreira, S. R. G. (2017) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-017-0221-5 · Cited by 68
An Update on Gender Disparities in Coronary Heart Disease Care
Shah, T., Palaskas, N. L., & Ahmed, A. (2016) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-016-0574-5 · Cited by 61
Crandall, C. J., Hovey, K. M. O., Andrews, C., Cauley, J. A., Stefanick, M. L., SHUFELT, C. L., Prentice, R. L., Kaunitz, A. M., Eaton, C. B., Wactawski‐Wende, J., et al. (2017) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000000899 · Cited by 63
Estrogen Receptor Functions and Pathways at the Vascular Immune Interface
Dama, A., Baggio, C., Boscaro, C., Albiero, M., & Cignarella, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22084254 · Cited by 62
Chinese herbal medicine for menopausal symptoms
Zhu, X., Liew, Y., & Liu, Z. L. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009023.pub2 · Cited by 61
Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Benkhadra, K., Mohammed, K. S., Nofal, A. A., Leon, B. G. C., Alahdab, F., Faubion, S. S., Montori, V. M., Dabrh, A. M. A., Hernández, J. A. Z., Prokop, L. J., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2238 · Cited by 66
Evaluation of the Interaction of Sex Hormones and Cardiovascular Function and Health
Willemars, M. M. A., Nabben, M., Verdonschot, J. A. J., & Hoes, M. F. (2022) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-022-00555-0 · Cited by 63
A Review of Hormone and Non-Hormonal Therapy Options for the Treatment of Menopause
Madsen, T. E., Sobel, T., Negash, S., Shrout, T. A., Stefanick, M. L., Manson, J. E., & Allison, M. (2023) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s379808 · Cited by 78
An update on hormone therapy in postmenopausal women: mini-review for the basic scientist
Miller, V. M., & Harman, S. M. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00383.2017 · Cited by 56
Mulvagh, S. L., Mullen, K., Nerenberg, K. A., Kirkham, A. A., Green, C. R., Dhukai, A. R., Grewal, J., Hardy, M., Harvey, P., Ahmed, S. B., et al. (2021) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2021.09.013 · Cited by 62
Dimai, H. P., & Fahrleitner‐Pammer, A. (2022) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2022.101780 · Cited by 58
Alzheimer’s disease, apolipoprotein E and hormone replacement therapy
Depypere, H. T., Vierin, A., Weyers, S., & Sieben, A. (2016) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.09.009 · Cited by 60
da Silva, J. S., Montagnoli, T. L., Rocha, B., Tacco, M. L. C. A., Marinho, S. C. P., & Zapata‐Sudo, G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22020525 · Cited by 59
Carrasquilla, G. D., Frumento, P., Berglund, A., Borgfeldt, C., Bottai, M., Chiavenna, C., Eliasson, M., Engström, G., Hallmans, G., Jansson, J., et al. (2017) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002445 · Cited by 55
Endocrine treatment of aging transgender people
Gooren, L. J., & T'Sjoen, G. G. (2018) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-018-9449-0 · Cited by 55
Metadata
- Authors
- Boardman, H. M., Hartley, L., Eisinga, A., Main, C., Roqué i Figuls, M., Bonfill Cosp, X., Gabriel Sanchez, R., & Knight, B.
- Affiliations
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit (GB)
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau); Sant Antoni Maria Claret 171 Edifici Casa de Convalescència Barcelona Catalunya Spain 08041
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre - Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau); Sant Antoni Maria Claret, 167 Pavilion 18 (D-13) Barcelona Catalunya Spain 08025
- Hospital Universitario de la Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Instituto de Investigacion IdiPAZ, Red Espanola de Investigacion Cardiovascular RD/12/0042/0008; Diego De Leon 62 Planta 9 Madrid Spain 28006
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Venue
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-03-10
- Volume
- 2015
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- CD002229-CD002229
- ISSN
- 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-1858
- PMC
- PMC10183715
- OpenAlex
- W1927817986
- Cited by
- 612
- References
- 230
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 26
- FWCI
- 7.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- hormone therapy, postmenopausal women, cardiovascular disease prevention, primary prevention, secondary prevention, stroke risk, venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, time since menopause, treatment duration, oral hormone therapy, menopause, cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular risk reduction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Primary Prevention, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Postmenopause, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Stroke, Venous Thromboembolism, Secondary Prevention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
