CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 228Healthcare Systems and TechnologyPrimary Care and Health OutcomesHealth Services Management and Policy

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 137 of the 144 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Specialist outreach clinics in primary care and rural hospital settings

Open access
Gruen, Russell L, Weeramanthri, Tarun S., Knight, Stephen S.E., Bailie, Ross S·2003·Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
DOI 10.1002/14651858.cd003798.pub2PMC PMC9016793
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Specialist medical practitioners have conducted clinics in primary care and rural hospital settings for a variety of reasons in many different countries. Such clinics have been regarded as an important policy option for increasing the accessibility and effectiveness of specialist services and their integration with primary care services. OBJECTIVES: To undertake a descriptive overview of studies of specialist outreach clinics and to assess the effectiveness of specialist outreach clinics on access, quality, health outcomes, patient satisfaction, use of services, and costs. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) specialised register (March 2002), the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR) (Cochrane Library Issue 1, 2002), MEDLINE (including HealthStar) (1966 to May 2002), EMBASE (1988 to March 2002), CINAHL (1982 to March 2002), the Primary-Secondary Care Database previously maintained by the Centre for Primary Care Research in the Department of General Practice at the University of Manchester, a collection of studies from the UK collated in "Specialist Outreach Clinics in General Practice" (Roland 1998), and the reference lists of all retrieved articles. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials, controlled before and after studies and interrupted time series analyses of visiting specialist outreach clinics in primary care or rural hospital settings, either providing simple consultations or as part of complex multifaceted interventions. The participants were patients, specialists, and primary care providers. The outcomes included objective measures of access, quality, health outcomes, satisfaction, service use, and cost. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Four reviewers working in pairs independently extracted data and assessed study quality. MAIN RESULTS: 73 outreach interventions were identified covering many specialties, countries and settings. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Most comparative studies came from urban non-disadvantaged populations in developed countries. Simple 'shifted outpatients' styles of specialist outreach were shown to improve access, but there was no evidence of impact on health outcomes. Specialist outreach as part of more complex multifaceted interventions involving collaboration with primary care, education or other services was associated with improved health outcomes, more efficient and guideline-consistent care, and less use of inpatient services. The additional costs of outreach may be balanced by improved health outcomes. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: This review supports the hypothesis that specialist outreach can improve access, outcomes and service use, especially when delivered as part of a multifaceted intervention. The benefits of simple outreach models in urban non-disadvantaged settings seem small. There is a need for good comparative studies of outreach in rural and disadvantaged settings where outreach may confer most benefit to access and health outcomes.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/14651858.cd003798.pub2

Cites

137 of 137 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 144 references

7 of the 144 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 23

  1. Gruen, February 2000, Evaluation of the Specialist Outreach Service in the Top End of the Northern Territory. (Menzies Occasional Papers)
  2. Katterhagen, 1993, Effectiveness of an oncology outreach program, Journal of Oncology Management, March/April, 32
  3. Ferguson, 1987, Psychiatric clinics in general practice: an asset for primary care, Health Trends, 19, 22
  4. Williams, 1985, The expanding concept of community psychiatric care: the British experience, New Trends in Experimental & Clinical Psychiatry, 2, 217
  5. Almehdi, 2001, Surgical outreach in Queensland's far northwest: preliminary analysis of a new surgical service, Aust NZ J Surg, 71, RS20
  6. Bruusgaard, 1980, Specialists visiting rural general practices in Norway, Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners - Occasional Paper, 10, 1
  7. Crosier, 1994, Rural orthopaedic services in the Western Cape, South African Bone and Joint Surgery, 4, 8
  8. Gillam, 1998, Ophthalmology outreach clinics in Barnet., 59
  9. Loefler, 1986, Visits to out-lying hospitals, Proc Assoc Surg East Aftrica, 9, 32
  10. Parish, 1999, 'The eye mob comin': Eye health services to Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory 1982-1998
  11. Perrett, 1998, Sheffield., 9
  12. Wood, 1981, Surgery in East Africa: Communications, Proc Assoc Surg East Aftrica, 4, 115
  13. Toupin, 1993, Arthritis Society outreach program: British Columbia and Yukon Division, Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation, 6, 238
  14. Walshe, 1998, Wolverhampton., 18
  15. Australian Medical Workforce Advisory Committee (AMWAC), 1998, Sustainable specialist services: a compendium of requirements. Report No. 1998.7.
  16. Bero, 2000, The Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care Group (EPOC)
  17. Golele, 1994, Orthopaedic services in peripheral hospitals, South African Bone and Joint Surgery, 4, 24
  18. London, 1995, Reaching out is hard to do, Health Serv J, 11 May, 15
  19. Mitchell, 1990, Psychiatric liaison in general practice, Update, 34, 834
  20. Musk, 1996, Review of specialist medical services to rural and remote Aboriginal communities in Western Australia
  21. Sprod, 2001, Outreach clinics, Br Dent J, 191, 594, 10.1038/sj.bdj.4801244a · DOI
  22. Strathdee, 1984, A survey of psychiatrists in primary care: the silent growth of a new service, J R Coll Gen Pract, 34, 615
  23. Taylor, 1997, Eye health in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Communities

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Gruen, R. L., Weeramanthri, T. S., Knight, S. S. E., & Bailie, R. S.
Affiliations
  • The Royal Melbourne Hospital (AU)
  • Government of Western Australia Department of Health (AU)
  • University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
  • Flinders University (AU)
ORCID
Venue
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2003-10-20
Volume
2010
Issue
1
Pages
CD003798-CD003798
ISSN
  • 1361-6137 (ISSN-L)
  • 1465-1858
DOI
10.1002/14651858.cd003798.pub2
PMC
PMC9016793
OpenAlex
W1893961784
Cited by
228
References
144
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 15
FWCI
0.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Healthcare Systems and Technology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Primary Care and Health Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Services Management and Policy
Keywords
primary care, rural hospitals, access to specialist care, primary-secondary care integration, multicomponent intervention, health outcomes, patient satisfaction, service utilization, health policy options, rural health care, health disparities
MeSH terms
Community-Institutional Relations, Health Services Accessibility, Hospitals, Rural, Humans, Medically Underserved Area, Medicine, Primary Health Care, Specialization, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Rural Health Services

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review