The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Investigating and Dealing with Publication and Other Biases
Abstract
This chapter contains section titled: Summary Points Funnel Plots Other Graphical Methods Statistical Methods to Detect and Correct for Bias Conclusions Acknowledgements
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The Egger regression asymmetry test was conducted to assess publication bias, considering P < .10 to be statistically significant.24”
From Association Between Screen Media Use and Academic Performance Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [24]
Citations
Cites
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
Self-citationOperating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias
Begg, C. B., & Mazumdar, M. (1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533446 · Cited by 16,955
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099
The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results.
Rosenthal, R. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.3.638 · Cited by 9,068
Schulz (1995) · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520290060030 · Cited by 5,634
Moher, D., Pham, B., Jones, A., Cook, D. J., Jadad, A. R., Moher, M., Tugwell, P., & Klassen, T. P. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)01085-x · Cited by 3,560
Publication bias in clinical research
Easterbrook, P. J., Gopalan, R., Berlin, J. A., & Matthews, D. R. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90201-y · Cited by 3,109
A Nonparametric “Trim and Fill” Method of Accounting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2000.10473905 · Cited by 2,955
Publication Bias in Meta‐Analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments
(2005) · doi:10.1002/0470870168 · Cited by 2,368
Publication and related bias in meta-analysis
Sterne, J. A. C., Gavaghan, D., & Egger, M. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00242-0 · Cited by 2,282
Self-citationSurrogate endpoints in clinical trials: Definition and operational criteria
Prentice, R. L. (1989) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780080407 · Cited by 2,057
Comprehensive geriatric assessment: a meta-analysis of controlled trials
Stuck, A. E., Siu, A. L., Wieland, G. D., Rubenstein, L. Z., & Adams, J. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)92884-v · Cited by 1,974
Collins, R. T., Peto, R., Flather, M., Parish, S., Sleight, P., Conway, M., Pipilis, A., Baigent, C., Barnett, D., Boissel, J., et al. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90865-x · Cited by 1,888
Surrogate End Points in Clinical Trials: Are We Being Misled?
Fleming, T. R., & DeMets, D. L. (1996) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-125-7-199610010-00011 · Cited by 1,651
Light, R. J., & Pillemer, D. B. (1984) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674040243 · Cited by 1,422
Empirical assessment of effect of publication bias on meta-analyses
Sutton, A. J. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1574 · Cited by 1,398
Language bias in randomised controlled trials published in English and German
Egger, M., Zellweger-Zähner, T., Schneider, M., Junker, C., Lengeler, C., & Antes, G. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)02419-7 · Cited by 1,028
Self-citationLinde, K., Clausius, N., Ramirez, G., Melchart, D., Eitel, F., Hedges, L. V., & Jonas, W. B. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)02293-9 · Cited by 979
Factors Influencing Publication of Research Results
Dickersin, K. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480030052036 · Cited by 931
Publication bias: evidence of delayed publication in a cohort study of clinical research projects
Stern, J. M., & Simes, R. J. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.640 · Cited by 818
Publication bias—a problem in interpreting medical data
Begg, C. B., & Berlin, J. A. (1988) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.2307/2982993 · Cited by 814
Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research.
Morgenstern, H. (1982) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.72.12.1336 · Cited by 795
Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-analysis: a case study
Tramèr, M. R., Reynolds, D. J. M., Moore, R. A., & McQuay, H. J. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.635 · Cited by 702
A note on graphical presentation of estimated odds ratios from several clinical trials
Galbraith, R. F. (1988) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780070807 · Cited by 663
Effect of Reduced Dietary Sodium on Blood Pressure
Midgley, J. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530440070039 · Cited by 595
Cholesterol lowering and mortality: the importance of considering initial level of risk.
Smith, G. D., Song, F., & Sheldon, T. (1993) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.306.6889.1367 · Cited by 420
Self-citationAn evidence based approach to individualising treatment
Glasziou, P., & Irwig, L. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7016.1356 · Cited by 389
Selection Models and the File Drawer Problem
Iyengar, S., & Greenhouse, J. B. (1988) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1177013012 · Cited by 388
A general linear model for estimating effect size in the presence of publication bias
Vevea, J. L., & Hedges, L. (1995) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294384 · Cited by 367
Modeling Publication Selection Effects in Meta-Analysis
Hedges, L. V. (1992) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1177011364 · Cited by 359
Cholesterol lowering trials in coronary heart disease: Frequency of citation and outcome.
Ravnskov, U. (1992) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6844.15 · Cited by 313
"High-dilution" experiments a delusion
Maddox, J., Randi, J., & Stewart, W. W. (1988) · Nature · doi:10.1038/334287a0 · Cited by 240
Reference bias in reports of drug trials.
Gøtzsche, P. C. (1987) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.295.6599.654 · Cited by 224
An Approach for Assessing Publication Bias Prior to Performing a Meta-Analysis
Dear, K., & Begg, C. (1992) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1177011363 · Cited by 202
What Works?: Selectivity Models and Meta-Analysis
Copas, J. B. (1999) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/1467-985x.00123 · Cited by 168
Who benefits from medical interventions?
Smith, G. D., & Egger, M. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6921.72 · Cited by 128
Self-citationGivens, G. H., Smith, D. D., & Tweedie, R. L. (1997) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1030037958 · Cited by 127
Controversies in meta-analysis: the case of the trials of serum cholesterol reduction
Thompson, S. G. (1993) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228029300200205 · Cited by 118
Multiple publication of reports of drug trials.
G�tzsche, P. C. (1989) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00558064 · Cited by 113
Homoeopathy trials: going nowhere
Vandenbroucke, J. P. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)22038-6 · Cited by 89
Practical estimates of the effect of publication bias in meta- analysis
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. L. (1998) · Australasian epidemiologist · Cited by 86
CD4 cell count as a surrogate endpoint in HIV clinical trials
Hughes, M. D., Daniels, M. J., Fischl, M. A., Kim, S., & Schooley, R. T. (1998) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-199814000-00014 · Cited by 75
Reanalysis of epidemiological evidence on lung cancer and passive smoking
Copas, J. B. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7232.417 · Cited by 60
Cholesterol reduction and its impact on coronary artery disease and total mortality
Holme, I. (1995) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80465-2 · Cited by 57
Infarct size and magnesium: insights into LIMIT-2 and ISIS-4 from experimental studies
Baxter, G. F., Sumeray, M. S., & Walker, J. M. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07281-9 · Cited by 52
Factors affecting the comparability of meta-analyses and largest trials results in perinatology
Villar, J., Piaggio, G. G., Carroli, G., & Donner, A. P. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(97)00148-0 · Cited by 44
Regression analysis of discrete time survival data under heterogeneity
Xue, X., & Brookmeyer, R. (1997) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19970915)16:17 · Cited by 34
Gotzsche, P. C., & Renckens, C. N. M. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90667-6 · Cited by 13
Magnesium in acute myocardial infarction
Collins, R., & Peto, R. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)26004-6 · Cited by 5
Explaining heterogeneity in meta-analysis: a comparison of methods
Thompson, S. G., & Sharp, S. J. (1999) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19991030)18:20
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- SterneJAC EggerM. High false positive rate for trim and fill method (electronic letter).http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/320/7249/1574
- Begg CB., 1997, Publication bias in meta‐analysis, Stat Sci, 12, 241
- Irwig L, 1998, Graphical test is itself biased, BMJ, 316, 470
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Systematic reviews in the social sciences: a practical guide
(2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-5664 · Cited by 4,081
Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis
Sterne, J. A. C., & Egger, M. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00377-8 · Cited by 3,779
Self-citationHow should meta‐regression analyses be undertaken and interpreted?
Thompson, S. G., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1187 · Cited by 3,026
Ellis, P. D. (2010) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511761676 · Cited by 2,461
Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis
Sterne, J. A. C., Egger, M., & Smith, G. D. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7304.101 · Cited by 2,225
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Sterne, J. A. C., Egger, M., & Smith, G. D.
- Venue
- Systematic Reviews in Health Care
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-01
- Pages
- 189-208
- OpenAlex
- W1606586277
- Cited by
- 449
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 43
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Keywords
- publication bias, reporting bias, funnel plot, bias detection, bias correction, meta-analysis, graphical method
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
