Cited by 268Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and AssessmentsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

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Emotional Disorders and Metacognition: Innovative Cognitive Therapy

Wells, Adrian·2002·Wiley eBooks

DOI 10.1002/9780470713662

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Abstract

The clinical experience of cognitive therapies is adding to the understanding of emotional disorders. Based on clinical experience and evidence, this groundbreaking book represents a development of cognitive therapy through the concept of metacognition. It provides guidelines for innovative treatments of emotional disorders and goes on to offer conceptual arguments for the future development of cognitive therapy. Offers a new concept in cognitive therapy and guidelines for innovative treatment. Clinically grounded, based on a thorough understanding of cognitive therapies in practice. Written by a recognized authority and established author.

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“Other researchers showed how the process of self-regulation can positively contribute to individual’s level of anxiety (Wells 2002, 2005, 2010).”
Background
Increasing Smoking Cessation Adherence: Do We Need to Consider the Role of Executive Function and Rumination?
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Treating Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating
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“Detached mindfulness (DM) is a key part of metacognitive therapy (Wells 2000) on which our treatment model and practice are based.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Validity and Reliability of the Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) among Chinese Adolescents
Li, F., Yuan, D., Gao, C., Xiong, K., Geng, F.-L., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Child Psychiatry and Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-023-01625-7 · Cited by 9
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The Role of Meta-cognition in Students' Addiction Potential Tendency
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Junior high school students’ self-confidence during transition to above-grade-level mathematics courses
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“…thoughts led to appraisal of the thoughts and feelings of threat, and that beliefs about the necessity of performing rituals and neutralizing behaviors in response to obsessive thoughts to reduce the perceived threat consequently led to compulsive behaviors (Wells 1997, 2002; Wells et al. 2017).”
Background
Transcultural, transdiagnostic, and concurrent validity of a revised metacognitions about symptoms control scale
Fernie, B. A., Aoun, A., Kollmann, J., Spada, M. M., & Nikčević, A. V. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2367 · Cited by 8
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Self-citation
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“, 2004), metacognition (Wells, 1995; Wells, 2010), emotion regulation (Mennin et al.”
Background
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“Metacognition has been recognised as an important factor in the development and maintenance of different clinical outcomes (wells 2002), moderating the relationship between perceived stress and negative emotions (Spada et al. 2008).”
Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the short form of the metacognition questionnaire (MCQ-30) in a non-clinical adult sample
Fekih‐Romdhane, F., Azzi, V., Obeïd, S., Gerges, S., Dine, A. S. E., Malaeb, D. N., Soufia, M., & Hallit, S. R. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05308-4 · Cited by 10
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Experiences from Attention Training Techniques among Athletes
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“This research supported the research findings of other studies examining the use of metacognition in both the educational and clinical setting (Brown, 1992; Flavell, 1979; Hattie, 2012; Wells, 2002) and emphasizes both the theoretical significance and the need for further research in this area.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metacognitive beliefs in individuals at risk for psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of sex differences
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Mindfulness-Based Training for Negotiators: Fostering Resilience in the Face of Stress
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“The self-regulatory executive model suggests that metacognition about lottery gambling is associated with maladaptive coping strategies that lead to the perseveration of negative emotions (Wells, 2002).”
Psychometric Properties of the Metacognitions About Online Gaming Scale in the Chinese Population and Its Relationship With Internet Gaming Disorder: Cross-Sectional Study
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Effects of Worry Postponement on Daily Worry: a Meta-Analysis
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“It has also been incorporated in meta-cognitive therapy developed by Adrian Wells (Wells, 2002; Wells & Sembi, 2004b).”
I forgot that I forgot: PTSD symptom severity in a general population correlates with everyday diary-recorded prospective memory failures
Swain, T. L., Keeping, C. A., Lewitzka, S., & Takarangi, M. K. T. (2023) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-023-01400-y · Cited by 5
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The Relationship Between Metacognition, Meta-worry, Rumination, and Cognitive-Attentional Syndrome in Iranian Combat Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Zarghami, M., Rajeh, Y. N., Alipour, A., Yahyavi, S. T., & Sadeghi, H. (2022) · Shiraz E-Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/semj-113658 · Cited by 4
Initial Validation of the Mindful Presence Scale: The Issue of the Construal Level of Scale Items
Lengyel, A., Keczeli, D., Orosz, R., Bács, Z., Müller, A., Szőke, S., & Bába, É. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626084 · Cited by 8
“Mindfulness is a metacognition-based dynamic process involving the ability to intentionally regulate and control attention (Wells, 2000, 2002; Teasdale et al., 2002; Sugiura, 2004; Norman, 2017; Bernstein et al., 2019).”
Background
A Clinical Experience Informed Variation to the CBT Explanation and Treatment of Worry
Chigwedere, C. (2021) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study · doi:10.31031/pprs.2021.05.000601 · Cited by 3
Clinical Guidelines for Improving Dialectical Thinking in DBT
Bonavitacola, L., Miller, A. L., McGinn, L., & Zoloth, E. (2019) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.11.003 · Cited by 4
Metacognitive, Emotional, and Avoidance Predictors of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Sugiura, Y. (2017) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2017.84041 · Cited by 5
“In his metacognitive model, Wells (2000) proposed that both positive and negative beliefs about worry work in the development and maintenance of pathological worry and GAD.”
BackgroundInfluential
Allegories and Symbols in Counseling
Alvarado, V. I., & Cavazos, L. J. (2008) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1300/j456v02n03_05 · Cited by 4
“These attitudes tend to respond better to techniques focusing on the affective domain (Wells, 2002).”
Background
The effect of mindfulness and metacognition on anxiety symptoms: a case-control study
Aydın, O., Obuća, F., Çakıroğlu, E., Ünal‐Aydın, P., & Esen-Danacı, A. (2022) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-022-00260-7 · Cited by 4
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Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Psikolojik İyi Oluşları ile Üstbilişsel (Metakognitif) Düşünme ve Ruminatif Düşünceleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelemesi
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Mental Imagery in Patients with Prolonged Grief Disorder: a Comparison with Matched Bereaved Healthy Controls
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“They support the idea that individuals affected by mental imagery need to be informed about the mechanisms of imagery and realize that images are just images and not reality and apply meta-cognitive or mindfulness-based approaches [20, 28, 43, 44].”
Background
Beliefs about Memory Questionnaire: psychometric properties in a natural disaster sample
Lee, K.-D., Coleborn, M., Innes, P., & Carter, J. (2020) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2020.1856383 · Cited by 3
Metacognitive Components in Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Depressed Mood Disorder
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“Thus, people experience emotional discomfort when their metacognitive beliefs produce a special pattern of response to inward experiences that perseveres and intensifies thoughts, emotions, and negative excitements [3, 4, 5].”
Background
Theory of mind, metacognition, and executive functions in adolescents with social anxiety disorder: a comparative study
Cengiz, Ş. N. K., Güney, E., Özaslan, A., & Sarıpınar, E. G. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00968-4 · Cited by 6
Riding the Waves of Power: Power Fluctuation, Cognitive Energy, and Goal Pursuit
Kim, H. R., Foulk, T. A., Schaerer, M., Gale, J., & Anicich, E. M. (2025) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12686 · Cited by 3
“…and “restructuring of resources” (Smith and Lewis 2011, 394; Weick et al. 1999), individuals with higher mindfulness are better equipped to navigate situations characterized by power fluctuation in a constructive manner (Frewen et al. 2008; Michel et al. 2014; Rönnlund et al. 2019; Wells 2002).”
Relating to a new body: understanding the influence of body compassion and metacognition on body image in breast cancer survivors
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“Following the self-Regulatory executive function (s-ReF) (Wells, 2002; Wells & Matthews, 1994, 1996), metacognitions play an important role in developing and maintaining psychological disorders. in particular, emotional disorders are related to dysfunctional beliefs about the need to ruminate and…”
Influential
The effectiveness of metacognition therapy on the marital quality of the women
Aghabeygi, B., & Khanjani, S. (2020) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_5_20 · Cited by 2
“For example, Wells in their study investigated the effectiveness of metacognition therapy on women and concluded that this therapy method can result in increased marital satisfaction.[7] Furthermore, Bahrami and Samadi, in a study titled “ Comparing the Effectiveness of Mindfulness and Meta‐Cognitive Family Therapy Ap…”
Background
Stress Inoculation Training on Cognitive Emotional Regulation: The Effect on Vulnerable Married Female Adolescents
Bahaodini, H., & Zandekarimi, G. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2018.86021 · Cited by 2
“Wells believed in rumination as the most important part of negative moods etiology [19].”
Background
Cognitive Vulnerability in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Dysthymic Disorder and Normal Individuals
Al-Ghorabaiee, F. M., Noferesti, A., Fadaee, M., & Ganji, N. (2015) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n8p8 · Cited by 3
“In particular, negative ideas about uncontrollability and danger lead to a dominant pattern of thought, in which worrying and anxious thoughts are considered controlling elements and as a result, they lead to fixation of negative anxieties in an individual (Wells, 2000, 2009).”
Background
Coaching into wellbeing: A realist review of cognitive behavioral coaching interventions in the workplace
Abdelfatah, O., Simpson, J., Giga, S., Morris, A., & Harding, A. (2025) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2025.20.2.6 · Cited by 1
Exploring intergenerational links and genetic correlates of metacognitive beliefs: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Francesco, S. D., Fagnani, C., Medda, E., Palmieri, S., Mansueto, G., Munari, G. D., Caselli, G., & Scaini, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1674793 · Cited by 1
Online emotion regulation treatment for maladaptive anger inhibition – an open-label pilot with a pooled interrupted time series design
Larsson, J., Ojala, O., Bjureberg, J., Sederström, P., Hvass, O., Björk, P., Lidskog, S., & Hesser, H. (2025) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2025.2542355 · Cited by 1
“For example, one possible mechanism contributing to the onset of rumination is metacognitive beliefs, defined as beliefs about the utility and controllability of our thoughts (Wells, 2002).”
Examination of the Theoretical Stage of Wells and Matthews’ Model of Emotional Self-Regulation: Methodological Aspects
Martín, A. D. (2025) · Metatheoria · doi:10.48160/18532330me15.381 · Cited by 1
“The model also references “mental state” (Wells 2000, p. 108) and alludes to system plasticity in statements such as: “S -REF activity can modify the knowledge base (beliefs)…” (Wells 2000, p. 20).”
Influential
Examination of metacognitions and functionality in agoraphobia without comorbidities
Korkmaz, U., Çelik, F. G. H., & Şimşek, M. H. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07003-y · Cited by 1
The mediating role of self-compassion and forgiveness in the effect of negative metacognitive beliefs on repetitive negative thinking in those with PTSD symptoms.
Omoregie, J., & Amanze, R. U. (2025) · JORMA International Journal of Health and Social Sciences · doi:10.64074/jorma000 · Cited by 1
Brief imagery based metacognitive intervention for flashforwards in psychosis: a fixed baseline case series.
Sivarajah, N., Taylor, C. D. J., & Steel, C. (2024) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465824000419 · Cited by 1
“Metacognitive beliefs are beliefs about ‘ thinking about thinking ’ (Papaleontiou-Louca, 2003) and refers to ‘ any knowledge or cognitive process that is involved in the appraisal, monitoring or control of cognition ’ (Wells, 2002; p. 6).”
The Effects of Cognitive Self-Consciousness, Cultural Values, and Socioeconomic Context on Anxiety in Youth: A Meta-Analysis
Shi, W. (2024) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221241294222 · Cited by 2
“MCT targets abnormal and psychologically distressing beliefs about thinking that can cause maladaptation and negative outcomes (Wells, 2002).”
Addressing the Interactive Effects of Maltreatment and COVID-19 Related Stressors on the Neuropsychological Functioning in Children
Fares‐Otero, N. E., & Trautmann, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.764768 · Cited by 1
“…2020; Resch et al., 2021) (optionally timed and in adapted formats), with the attention training technique (by using auditory attentional exercises; Wells, 2002), selfmonitoring attention and self-instructional training to engage children in executive control skills (Hallahan and Sapona, 1983;…”
Method
Studying the Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and its Components with Metacognitive Skillfulness in College Students
Kalia, P., Rita, S., & ni, S. (2020) · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2020.908.227 · Cited by 1
“These results go along with the research conducted by Wells (2000) who suggested that metacognitive control and regulation is comprised of a range of functions including attention allocation, checking, planning, memory retrieval and encoding strategies and detection of performance errors.”
Result
Development and Initial Evaluation of the Craving Metacognition Scale
Tulloch, K., & Baillie, A. (2020) · Australian psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12439 · Cited by 1
The Hardest Part Is Knowing I Will Survive: The Use of Music and Creative Mediums to Enhance Empathy and Facilitate Life-Long Distance Learning in Professionally Qualified Clinicians
Keville, S., Nutt, K., Brunton, I., Keyes, C., & Tacconelli, E. (2019) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v7i10.4463 · Cited by 1
“There was no conclusion why, yet it may be due to the ruminative and worry-based processes that maintain emotional disorders (Wells, 2000).”
Background
Preventie van psychose door cognitieve gedragstherapie van invaliderende intrusies
van Strater, A., & van der Gaag, M. (2010) · Directieve therapie · doi:10.1007/s12433-010-0239-4 · Cited by 1
Educating for Cosmopolitanism: Lessons from Cognitive Science
Bracher, M. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137319760_3 · Cited by 2
Metacognitive Case Conceptualization: Organizing Complex Clinical Presentations Through the Self-Regulatory Executive Function Model.
Batmaz, S. (2026) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-026-09753-6
Associations of Metacognition, Mental Toughness, and Self-Efficacy With Eco-Anxiety in Adolescents: A Structural Equation Modeling
Sizer, E., Kaya, Y. B., Baş, G., Çıray, R., & Nasıroğlu, S. (2026) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2026.0154
“33,34 In our study, the positive association between metacognition and the rumination dimension of eco-anxiety is consistent with the possibility that repetitive thought patterns regarding environmental threats may be related to metacognitive beliefs.”
Evaluating Problematic Social Media, Metacognitive Beliefs, and Cybervictimization in Depressed Adolescents with and without a History of Suicide Attempt
Öztürk, M., Özkan, Y., Ünal‐Aydın, P., & Aydın, O. (2026) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2026.2724425
The association between worry, rumination, and metacognitive beliefs in female adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa
Usubini, A. G., Bondesan, A., Caroli, D., Frigerio, F., Abbruzzese, L., Deodato, C., Castelnuovo, G., & Sartório, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1812206
Cognitive and neuropsychological correlates of the attention training technique: a systematic review and evidence synthesis
Davison, C., Capobianco, L., Carter, K. E. P., & Adrian Wells, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1766748
Self-citation
Metacognitive interventions for adolescents with mental disorders: a scoping review
Santo, A. E., Marques, J. P. R., Silva, R. C. G., Balzan, R. P., Sampaio, F., & de Pinho, L. G. (2026) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-026-05115-z
Depression Severity and Coping Styles as Independent Predictors of Functioning in Male Adults With Adjustment Disorder.
Eren, H., & Takım, U. (2026) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70285
Rethinking Cognitive Interventions in Bipolar Disorder: Feasibility and First Insights From Metacognitive Group Training (MCT‐Bipolar)
Schoenleber, A., Quinlivan, E., Jelinek, L., Miegel, F. S., Bermpohl, F., Moritz, S., Schreiter, S., & Friedel, E. (2026) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70294
“A short version of the Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ-30; Wells and Cartwright-Hatton 2004) was administered to measure changes in metacognitive beliefs following the metacognitive concept of Wells (S-REF model; Wells and Matthews 1996; Wells 2002).”
How Perceived Partner Responsiveness Moderates the Relationship between Metacognitive Beliefs about Health Anxiety and COVID-19 Anxiety?
Karakaş, G. S., KAYNAK, G. K., & Sağel-Çetiner, E. (2025) · Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi · doi:10.17066/tpdrd.1523852
“The CAS involves various maladaptive self-referential processes, such as increased self-focused attention, attentional bias, rumination, worry and threat monitoring (Wells & Matthews, 1996; Wells, 2000).”
Sexual beliefs in men with sexual dysfunctions: a scoping review
Fiamoncini, A., Zwielewski, G., Machado, V., & Giacomozzi, A. I. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08355-0
The Mediating Role of Attentional Inflexibility in the Association between Metacognitions and Severity of Gambling Disorder Symptoms
Yu, K. G., Zhai, J., Spada, M. M., Chen, J. H., & Wu, A. M. S. (2025) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-025-10411-0 · Cited by 1
“This attentional rigidity fosters rumination and worry, with the likelihood of exacerbating the severity of Gambling Disorder (Wells, 2002; Wells & Matthews, 1996).”
Comparison of Cognitive Attentional Syndrome and Generic and Psychosis-Specific Metacognitive Beliefs in Remitted Patients with Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder Type I with Psychotic Features with Healthy Controls
Aydın, S., Batmaz, S., & Aslan, E. A. (2025) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-025-00586-1 · Cited by 2
“According to Wells’ Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model, the indi - vidual’s use of inappropriate and inadequate metacognitive control strategies has an effect on the emergence and maintenance of mental disorders (Wells, 2002).”

Authors: Wells, A.
Venue: Wiley eBooks
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2002-01
DOI: 10.1002/9780470713662
OpenAlex: W2477255324
Cited by: 268
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 4.88
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Wiley eBooks (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: emotional disorders, metacognition, cognitive therapy, treatment guidelines, psychotherapy

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Emotional Disorders and Metacognition: Innovative Cognitive Therapy

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