Measuring adult indirect aggression: The development and psychometric assessment of the indirect aggression scales
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a psychometric measure of indirect aggression for use in an adult population. Items were generated from a series of qualitative interviews. Two versions of the scale were developed; the Indirect Aggression Scale Aggressor version (IAS-A) and Target version (IAS-T). Both versions of the scale were administered to separate samples (nA=294; nT=294). Scales were analysed using item analysis of internal consistency, as well as exploratory factor analysis. Both versions were found to have the same consistent three sub-scales: social exclusion, use of malicious humour, and guilt induction. Preliminary psychometric evaluation suggests that the scales are both sufficiently reliable (with Cronbach's alphas ranging from .81 to .89) and valid. There were no gender differences in either using or being the victim of indirect aggression, and the behaviour was significantly negatively correlated with age. Future validation and potential usage of the measures are discussed. Aggress. Behav. 31:1–14, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Machiavellianism's guilt induction reflects their use of manipulation to influence others.
“Machiavellianism predicted only guilt induction reflecting their use of manipulation (e.g., emotional blackmail) to influence others (28).”
From Empathy at the heart of darkness: empathy deficits that bind the dark triad and those that mediate indirect relational aggression. (2019) · cites this paper as [28]
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References 50 · Cited by 130
- Authors
- Forrest, S., Eatough, V., & Shevlin, M.
- Affiliations
- Nottingham Trent University (GB)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Forrest, Sarah
- Venue
- Aggressive Behavior
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 84-97
- ISSN
- 0096-140X (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2337
- OpenAlex
- W2109353603
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Aggressive Behavior (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Workplace Violence and Bullying
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- indirect aggression, adult aggression, social exclusion, guilt induction, scale development, psychometric validation, gender differences, age differences
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