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APOE ε2 is associated with milder clinical and pathological Alzheimer disease
Open accessAbstract
Objective: The Alzheimer disease (AD) APOE ε4 risk allele associates with an earlier age at onset and increased amyloid‐β deposition, whereas the protective APOE ε2 allele delays the onset and appears to prevent amyloid‐β deposition. Yet the clinical and pathological effects of APOE ε2 remain uncertain because of its relative rarity. We investigated the effects of APOE ε2 and ε4 alleles on AD pathology and cognition in a large US data set of well‐characterized AD patients. Methods: We studied individuals from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center autopsy cohort across the entire clinicopathological continuum of AD. Multivariate models were built to examine the associations between APOE alleles and AD neuropathological changes, using the APOE ε3/ε3 group as comparator. Mediation analysis was used to estimate the direct and indirect effects of APOE alleles on AD pathology and cognition (Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes and Mini‐Mental State Examination). Results: Compared to APOE ε3/ε3, APOE ε2 is independently associated with lower Braak neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) stages and possibly fewer neuritic plaques, but has no direct effect on cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) severity, whereas APOE ε4 is associated with more neuritic plaques and CAA, but has no independent effect on Braak NFT stage. Unadjusted analyses showed marked differences among APOE genotypes with respect to cognitive performance (ε2 > ε3 > ε4). Mediation analysis suggests that this is largely explained through effects on pathology. Interpretation: Even when adjusted for age at onset, symptom duration, and other demographic variables, APOE ε2 is associated with milder AD pathology and less severe antemortem cognitive impairment compared to APOE ε3 and ε4 alleles, suggesting a relative neuroprotective effect of APOE ε2 in AD. Ann Neurol 2015;77:917–929
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“Relative to the APOEε3 homozygote reference group, carrying one or two APOEε4 alleles is independently associated with a higher Aβ plaque burden and more severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), whereas APOEε2/ε2 and ε2/ε3 individuals have fewer Aβ plaques46–50 but are more likely to have CAA51.”
From Multifaceted roles of APOE in Alzheimer disease (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
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“Homozygous APOE4 individuals have a 6 to 18-fold increase in AD risk compared to APOE2/3 individuals [9, 10].”
From APOE Christchurch enhances a disease-associated microglial response to plaque but suppresses response to tau pathology (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
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“The study supports known effects of APOE genotypes on standard measures of neuritic Aβ plaque and tau tangle severity13”
From Exceptionally low likelihood of Alzheimer’s dementia in APOE2 homozygotes from a 5,000-person neuropathological study (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
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“Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD).”
From APOE Christchurch enhances a disease-associated microglial response to plaque but suppresses response to tau pathology (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
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“In contrast to Aβ pathology, the existence of a direct effect of APOE genotype on the severity of tau neurofibrillary tangle pathology remains controversial, with most studies agreeing that APOEε4-linked effect on tangles is primarily indirect, mediated through its increase of Aβ plaque burden46–48,53.”
From Multifaceted roles of APOE in Alzheimer disease (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
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“By contrast, APOEε2 has been found to have both direct and indirect (through Aβ) protective effects against tangle pathology48,49.”
From Multifaceted roles of APOE in Alzheimer disease (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
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“As a result, ApoE4 carriers tend to have faster cognitive decline with significant Aβ pathology and NFTs [100].”
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“Carriership of a single E2 allele has been shown to have a mild protective effect against AD in some populations and was associated with milder AD phenotype [16, 60].”
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“It is known that APOE ε4 is a risk factor for the development of AD [35] whereas APOE ε2 has a preventive and protective function [36].”
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“In fact, a more recent analysis using data from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center on autopsied subjects did not confirm this association [7].”
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“We excluded participants with the E2 allele due to the possible protective effects (Serrano-Pozo et al., 2015).”
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“The E2 allele of APOE has been associated with a decreased risk and milder form of AD (Corder et al. 1994, Serrano-Pozo et al. 2015).”
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“On the contrary, APOE2 reduces the risk of AD [38, 39].”
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“These disruptions interfere with neuronal calcium buffering capacity, leading to elevated cytosolic calcium levels (Serrano-Pozo et al., 2015; Morrison et al., 2024).”
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“Postmortem studies on patients with AD revealed that APOE ε4 accelerated the accumulation of Aβ and plaque deposition in the brain (11, 12), while APOE ε2 decreased the Aβ and plaque deposition (13).”
BackgroundThe meaning of blood and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease
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Metadata
- Authors
- Serrano‐Pozo, A., Qian, J., Monsell, S. E., Betensky, R. A., & Hyman, B. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (US)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hyman, Bradley T.
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-05-27
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 917-929
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- PMC
- PMC4447539
- OpenAlex
- W1958554455
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 10.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (P50 AG005134)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, APOE ε2, APOE ε4, APOE ε3, risk alleles, neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plaques, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, amyloid-beta deposition, cognitive impairment, neuropathology, neuroprotection, age of onset
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alleles, Alzheimer Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Cohort Studies, Apolipoprotein E3, Apolipoprotein E4, Apolipoprotein E2
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