The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Attributable risk of Alzheimer's dementia attributed to age-related neuropathologies
Open accessAbstract
Objective: The degree to which Alzheimer's versus other neuropathologies contribute to the risk of Alzheimer's dementia is unknown. We examined the risk of Alzheimer's dementia attributable to pathologic AD and 8 other neuropathologies. Methods: Participants (n = 1,161) came from 2 clinical‐pathological studies of aging. Multivariable logistic regression models examined associations of 8 neuropathological indices with Alzheimer's dementia and quantified the percentage of cases attributable to each. Furthermore, because some dementia cases are not driven by common neuropathologies, we re‐estimated the attributable risks after empirically adjusting for such cases. Results: Of 1,161 persons, 512 (44.1%) had Alzheimer's dementia at time of death. With the exception of microinfarcts, all neuropathological indices were independently associated with greater odds of Alzheimer's dementia. Two hundred ten (41.0%) Alzheimer's dementia cases were attributable to pathological AD. Separately, 8.9% were attributable to macroscopic infarcts, 10.8% to Lewy bodies, 5.2% to hippocampal sclerosis, 11.7% to transactive response DNA‐binding protein 43, 8.1% to cerebral amyloid angiopathy, 6.0% to atherosclerosis, and 5.2% to arteriolosclerosis. A total of 83.3% of cases were attributable to all 8 indices combined. However, after further adjustment for cases driven by other factors, a total of 67.5% of cases were attributable to all 8 neuropathologic indices combined. Interpretation: Pathological AD accounts for a considerable percentage of Alzheimer's dementia cases, but multiple other neuropathologies also contribute. In total, just over two‐thirds of Alzheimer's dementia cases are attributable to common age‐related neuropathologies, suggesting that other disease and resilience factors are important. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:114–124.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“One RCT compared care at a specialist medical and mental health unit to usual care for 600 confused people older than 65 years, acutely admitted to hospital and found no difference in the primary outcome of days spent at home or in hospital, but increased family satisfaction.292”
From Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission (2020) · cites this paper as [292]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Studies suggest that mixed dementia is the norm, not just for those diagnosed with Alzheimer's dementia but also for those diagnosed with other types of dementia.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
DeLong, E. R., DeLong, D. M., & Clarke-Pearson, D. L. (1988) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531595 · Cited by 22,649
Agresti, A. (2002) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471249688 · Cited by 6,746
Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons
Schneider, J. A., Arvanitakis, Z., Bang, W., & Bennett, D. A. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000271090.28148.24 · Cited by 1,992
Self-citationThe neuropathology of probable Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment
Schneider, J. A., Arvanitakis, Z., Leurgans, S. E., & Bennett, D. A. (2009) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21706 · Cited by 935
Self-citationAge, Neuropathology, and Dementia
Savva, G. M., Wharton, S. B., Ince, P. G., Forster, G., Matthews, F. E., & Brayne, C. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0806142 · Cited by 900
Overview and Findings from the Rush Memory and Aging Project
Bennett, D. A., Schneider, J. A., Buchman, A. S., Barnes, L. L., Boyle, P. A., & Wilson, R. S. (2012) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720512801322663 · Cited by 849
Self-citationIndividual differences in rates of change in cognitive abilities of older persons.
Wilson, R. S., Beckett, L. A., Barnes, L. L., Schneider, J. A., Bach, J., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.2.179 · Cited by 842
Self-citationImpact of multiple pathologies on the threshold for clinically overt dementia
Kapasi, A., DeCarli, C., & Schneider, J. A. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1717-7 · Cited by 739
Self-citationOverview and Findings from the Religious Orders Study
Bennett, D. A., Schneider, J. A., Arvanitakis, Z., & Wilson, R. S. (2012) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720512801322573 · Cited by 656
Self-citationArvanitakis, Z., Capuano, A. W., Leurgans, S. E., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(16)30029-1 · Cited by 581
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–320 of 320
Batalha, C. M. P. F., Yu, L., Zammit, A. R., Poole, V. N., Buchman, A. S., Lopes, K. D. P., Vialle, R. A., Abadir, P. M., Nidadavolu, L. S., Wyss‐Coray, T., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.13.670106
Self-citationCharacterizing individuals fulfilling clinical criteria for LATE in a tertiary memory clinicPreprint
Groot, C., Calandri, I. L., Bader, I., Bocancea, D. I., de Bruin, H., Carrigan, M., Collij, L. E., Duits, F., Kamps, S., de Koning, L. A., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.10.22.25338577
Haddad, Y. H., Rom, Y. A., Green, G. S., Cain, A., Raveh, B., & Habib, N. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.15.694345
Agrawal, S., Yu, L., Nag, S., Arfanakis, K., Barnes, L. L., Bennett, D. A., & Schneider, J. A. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16681456
Self-citationHan, M.-X., Jiang, W.-Y., Jiang, Y., Wang, L.-H., Xue, R., Zhang, G.-X., & Chen, J.-W. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19923237
Rajab, M. D., Jammeh, E., Taketa, T., Brayne, C., Matthews, F. E., Su, L., Ince, P. G., Wharton, S. B., & Wang, D. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26574064
Chen, W.-H. W., Guo, J., Levy, S.-A. T., Britton, C. B., & Armstrong, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251409214
Francis, L., Beiser, A., Lu, S., Kujawa, S. G., Heard‐Costa, N. L., Kolo, F. B., Kamboh, M. I., Bernal, R., Welling, D. B., Alcabes, R. L., et al. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251407211 · Cited by 1
Rodríguez‐Baz, Í., Vaqué‐Alcázar, L., Maure‐Blesa, L., Pertierra, L., Arranz, J., Molina‐Porcel, L., Aldecoa, I., Ferreira, N. V., Paradela, R. S., Videla, L., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9044264/v1
Miller, L. M., Ozgur, H. T., & Luna, L. (2026) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2026.112828
Boccalini, C., Hristovska, I., Peretti, D. E., Mendes, A. J., Scheffler, M., Frisoni, G. B., & Garibotto, V. (2026) · The EANM Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eanmj.2026.100217
Frailty and accelerated dementia onset in genetic, sociodemographic and neuropathologic subgroups
Strating, T., Haapanen, M. J., Ma, D., Gordon, E. H., Rockwood, K. J., Hubbard, R. E., & Ward, D. D. (2026) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2026-338460
Hormone replacement therapy and its association with LATE‐NC in older adults
Kim, Y. M., Colcord, K. A., Sajjadi, S. A., Andrews, E. J., Schneider, J. A., Kawas, C. H., & Corrada, M. M. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71730
Self-citationCzech, J., Weyland, C. S., Neumann, M., Drzezga, A. E., & Schulz, J. B. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13040-2_6
The Relationship Between Polygenic Risk of Depression and Regional Brain Atrophy in Older Adults
Sinclair, L. I., Ballard, C. G., Bennett, D. A., Palmer, J. C., Initiative, A. D. N., & Medland, S. E. (2026) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.70245
Self-citationSapkota, S., Fletcher, E. M., Maillard, P., Sajjadi, S. A., Corrada, M. M., & DeCarli, C. S. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71751
Reparaz‐Escudero, I., Izquierdo, M., Ecay‐Torres, M., Altuna, M., López, C., Estanga, A., García‐Sebastián, M., de Arriba, M., Ros, N., Saldias, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.70396
Zhu, N., Joie, R. L., Allen, I. E., Lin, M., Fischer, D. L., Soleimani‐Meigooni, D. N., Rosen, H. J., Gorno‐Tempini, M., Miller, Z., Perry, D. C., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.10.15.26365384
Giri, N., Din, F. U., Shetty, N. K., Hilton, T., Stephan, B. C. M., & Tully, P. J. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45156-0.00011-x
Mathew, K., Bhatti, R. G., Zawaideh, T., Faizal, M. A. F. M., & Ghani, Z. (2026) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-026-01279-x
Metadata
- Authors
- Boyle, P. A., Yu, L., Leurgans, S. E., Wilson, R. S., Brookmeyer, R., Schneider, J. A., & Bennett, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Boyle, Patricia A.
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-12-19
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 114-124
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- PMC
- PMC10128614
- OpenAlex
- W2901473819
- Cited by
- 318
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 18
- FWCI
- 18.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Illinois Department of Public Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG34374, R01AG42210, R01AG17917, P30AG10161, R01AG15819)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's dementia, neuropathology, attributable risk, Lewy bodies, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, tau pathology, hippocampal sclerosis, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, microinfarcts, dementia risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Dementia, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Risk Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
