Impact of multiple pathologies on the threshold for clinically overt dementia
Open accessAbstract
Longitudinal clinical-pathological studies have increasingly recognized the importance of mixed pathologies (the coexistence of one or more neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disease pathologies) as important factors in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia. Older persons with AD pathology, often have concomitant cerebrovascular disease pathologies (macroinfarcts, microinfarcts, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy) as well as other concomitant neurodegenerative disease pathologies (Lewy bodies, TDP-43, hippocampal sclerosis). These additional pathologies lower the threshold for clinical diagnosis of AD. Many of these findings from pathologic studies, especially for CVD, have been confirmed using sophisticated neuroimaging technologies. In vivo biomarker studies are necessary to provide an understanding of specific pathologic contributions and time course relationships along the spectrum of accumulating pathologies. In this review, we provide a clinical-pathological perspective on the role of multiple brain pathologies in dementia followed by a review of the available clinical and biomarker data on some of the mixed pathologies.
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Research has shown that 15% to 30% of those diagnosed with Alzheimer's dementia during life do not have the brain changes of Alzheimer's disease but instead have brain changes of another cause of dementia.
“research has shown that 15% to 30% of those diagnosed with Alzheimer's dementia during life do not have the brain changes of Alzheimer's disease but instead have the brain changes of another cause of dementia”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
In “Mixed Pathologies: Update from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project” (page unavailable), the paper says that 85% of older people clinically diagnosed with probable Alzheimer’s disease had a pathological diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, implying 15% did not. It also says other vascular and degenerative pathologies were very common among those without that diagnosis. It does not establish the claimed upper figure of 30% or show that every person without Alzheimer’s pathology had pathology of another cause of dementia. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn one autopsy study of 447 older people believed to have Alzheimer's dementia when they died, only 3% had the brain changes of Alzheimer's disease alone.
“One autopsy study showed that of 447 older people who were believed to have Alzheimer's dementia when they died, only 3% had the brain changes of Alzheimer's disease alone”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
The section “Mixed Pathologies: Update from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project” (page unavailable) reports autopsy data and says that over 95% of people clinically diagnosed with probable Alzheimer’s disease had mixed pathologies. That supports the point that Alzheimer’s pathology alone was uncommon, but the available text does not establish the claimed subgroup of 447 people or the exact 3% figure. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn that autopsy study, 15% had the brain changes of an entirely different cause of dementia.
“while 15% had the brain changes of an entirely different cause of dementia, and 82% had the brain changes of Alzheimer's disease plus at least one other cause of dementia.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
In “Mixed Pathologies: Update from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project” (page unavailable), the paper reports that 85% of people clinically diagnosed with probable Alzheimer’s had an Alzheimer’s pathologic diagnosis—leaving about 15% without one. It says other vascular and degenerative pathologies were common in that group, but does not establish that all 15% had brain changes attributable to an entirely different cause of dementia. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn that autopsy study, 82% had the brain changes of Alzheimer's disease plus at least one other cause of dementia.
“while 15% had the brain changes of an entirely different cause of dementia, and 82% had the brain changes of Alzheimer's disease plus at least one other cause of dementia.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
The section “Mixed Pathologies: Update from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project” (page unavailable) reports autopsy data in which 85% of people clinically diagnosed with probable Alzheimer’s had AD pathology and over 95% had mixed pathologies. This supports the general point that AD commonly co-occurred with other pathology, but the text does not give the claimed 82% specifically for AD plus at least one other pathology. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPrevalence estimates of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease based on Alzheimer's brain changes as well as overt clinical dementia symptoms are likely to be lower than the 6.9 million figure reported.
“Prevalence estimates of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease based on Alzheimer's brain changes, as well as overt clinical dementia symptoms, are likely to be lower than the 6.9 million figure reported here.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
The ROS/MAP update (page unavailable) reports that AD pathology was confirmed in 85% of older people clinically diagnosed with probable AD, supporting the distinction between a clinical diagnosis and one requiring AD brain changes. It does not assess the 6.9 million estimate or establish how much lower a corresponding prevalence estimate would be. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Both autopsy studies and clinical trials have found that 15% to 30% of individuals who meet the criteria for clinical Alzheimer's dementia based on symptoms did not have Alzheimer's-related brain changes.
“Both autopsy studies and clinical trials have found that 15% to 30% of individuals who meet the criteria for clinical Alzheimer's dementia based on symptoms did not have Alzheimer's‐related brain changes.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
In “Mixed Pathologies: Update from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project” (page unavailable), the paper reports that 85% of autopsied older people clinically diagnosed with probable AD had a pathologic AD diagnosis, supporting the 15% lower end of the claimed range. Our copy does not establish the 30% figure or attribute that range to clinical trials. Lacking a pathologic AD diagnosis also does not necessarily mean having no Alzheimer’s-related brain changes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredResearch has shown that 15% to 30% of those diagnosed with Alzheimer's dementia during life do not have the brain changes of Alzheimer's disease but instead have the brain changes of another cause of dementia.
“research has shown that 15% to 30% of those diagnosed with Alzheimer's dementia during life do not have the brain changes of Alzheimer's disease but instead have the brain changes of another cause of dementia”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
The ROS/MAP update section reports that 85% of older people clinically diagnosed with probable Alzheimer’s disease had a pathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, implying about 15% did not. It also says vascular and other degenerative pathologies were very common in those without that diagnosis. The section does not establish the 30% upper end or that every person without Alzheimer’s pathology had pathology from another cause of dementia. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMany people with dementia have brain changes associated with more than one cause.
“Many people with dementia have brain changes associated with more than one cause.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
Some studies report that the majority of people with the brain changes of Alzheimer's disease also have the brain changes of a second cause of dementia on autopsy.
“Some studies report that the majority of people with the brain changes of Alzheimer's disease also have the brain changes of a second cause of dementia on autopsy.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
Having Alzheimer's brain changes plus brain changes of another type of dementia increases one's chances of having dementia symptoms in one's lifetime compared with having Alzheimer's brain changes alone.
“Having Alzheimer's brain changes plus brain changes of another type of dementia increases one's chances of having dementia symptoms in one's lifetime compared with having Alzheimer's brain changes alone.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [21]
Instances of concurrent pathologic changes are prevalent in elderly individuals, whereas pure Alzheimer's disease represents an exception.
“Furthermore, instances of concurrent pathologic changes are prevalent in elderly individuals, whereas pure AD represents an exception.”
From Antiageing strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: from mechanisms to clinical advances (2025) · cites this paper as [183]
Co-existent Alzheimer disease and vascular-ischemic pathology, and Alzheimer disease with dementia with Lewy bodies pathology, are prevalent in older individuals.
“Co-existent AD and vascular-ischemic pathology (causing the clinical spectrum of VCI, which includes dementia), and AD with DLB pathology (causing AD-DLB The Alzheimer's Clinical Spectrum variants), are prevalent in older individuals.9,49,50”
From The Alzheimer’s Disease Clinical Spectrum (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Overlapping pathologies among dementia patients indicate a wide range of biological heterogeneity within AD.
“Moreover, the growing recognition of overlapping pathologies (e.g., Lewy body inclusions, TDP-43 pathology, vascular lesions, etc.) among dementia patients indicates a wide range of biological heterogeneity within AD that necessitates a broader approach to scientific investigations of its pathophysiology [37–39].”
From Systems-based proteomics to resolve the biology of Alzheimer’s disease beyond amyloid and tau (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
Up to 90% of individuals with the classic amyloidosis of AD may feature concurrent vascular disease, TDP-43, or other degenerative pathologies.
“Indeed, up to 90% of individuals with the classic amyloidosis of AD may feature concurrent vascular disease, TDP-43, or other degenerative pathologies [39].”
From Systems-based proteomics to resolve the biology of Alzheimer’s disease beyond amyloid and tau (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
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Temporal course of neurodegenerative effects on cognition in old age.
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Self-citationAssociations of Cerebrovascular and Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology with Brain Atrophy
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Self-citationTHE EFFECT OF VASCULAR NEUROPATHOLOGY ON LATE-LIFE COGNITION: RESULTS FROM THE SMART PROJECT
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“variants), are prevalent in older individuals.(9,49,50) The DDx of atypical or variant ADc syndromes is broad and depends on the particular CBS characterized by the most prominent presenting domain of impairment.”
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“Second, unlike mouse models, most brain autopsies from individuals with AD show evidence of heterogeneous, mixed pathologies that likely modify disease onset, manifestations, and progression (Kapasi et al., 2017).”
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- Authors
- Kapasi, A., DeCarli, C., & Schneider, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schneider, Julie A.
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 2017-05-09
- Volume
- 134
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 171-186
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- PMC
- PMC5663642
- OpenAlex
- W2612655633
- Cited by
- 739
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 88 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 9 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG017917, P30AG010129, R01AG042210, RF1AG022018, R01AG015819, P30AG010161, R01AG034374, R01AG022018)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (UH3NS100599, UH2NS100599, UF1NS100599)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, dementia, cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, microinfarcts, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, Lewy bodies, TDP-43, hippocampal sclerosis, in vivo biomarkers, neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Cohort Studies, Neuroimaging
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