The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 92 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Experimental models of virus-induced demyelination of the central nervous system
Open accessAbstract
One of the arguments in favor of a viral pathogenesis for multiple sclerosis is the existence of several experimental and natural animal models of virus‐induced primary demyelination. This review deals comprehensively with such models. Well‐known examples of demyelinating viral infections in their natural host are JHM, Theiler, visna, and canine distemper encephalomyelitides. Recent reports of experimental murine infections with pathogens such as vesicular stomatitis, Chandipura, herpes simplex, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and Semliki Forest viruses are also discussed. The thrust of the review is to include viral models suspected of producing primary demyelination on an immunopathological basis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although previous studies do not indicate VEEV is related to neurodegeneration, VEEV neurological sequelae share progressive characteristics of neurodegenerative disorders including cognitive, motor, or sensory deficits [4,14,15].”
From VEEV TC-83 Triggers Dysregulation of the Tryptophan–Kynurenine Pathway in the Central Nervous System That Correlates with Cognitive Impairment in Tg2576 Mice (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Benedict, R., & Bobholz, J. (2007) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-2006-956758 · Cited by 11,728
Theiler's virus infection in mice: an unusual biphasic disease process leading to demyelination
Lipton, H. (1975) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.11.5.1147-1155.1975 · Cited by 644
SPONTANEOUS ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE--A NEW VIRUS DISEASE.
Theiler, M. (1934) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.80.2066.122-a · Cited by 422 · cited 2×
“Theiler estab- lished the viral nature of these isolates and further demonstrated that surviving paralyzed mice had chronic infection of the C N S [94] .”
BackgroundA MURINE VIRUS (JHM) CAUSING DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS WITH EXTENSIVE DESTRUCTION OF MYELIN
Cheever, F., Daniels, J. B., Pappenheimer, A. M., & Bailey, O. T. (1949) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.90.3.181 · Cited by 370
Pathogenesis of demyelination induced by a mouse hepatitis.
Weiner, L. P. (1973) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1973.00490230034003 · Cited by 349
CYTOTOXICITY MEDIATED BY SOLUBLE ANTIGEN AND LYMPHOCYTES IN DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Ruddle, N., & Waksman, B. (1968) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.128.6.1267 · Cited by 348
Sigurdsson, B. (1954) · British Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/s0007-1935(17)50172-4 · Cited by 305
Cammer, W., Bloom, B. R., Norton, W. T., & Gordon, S. (1978) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.75.3.1554 · Cited by 281
Multiple sclerosis in the faroe islands: I. Clinical and epidemiological features
Kurtzke, J., & Hyllested, K. (1979) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410050104 · Cited by 266
Theiler's virus-induced demyelination: prevention by immunosuppression.
Lipton, H., & Canto, M. C. D. (1976) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.176726 · Cited by 246 · cited 1×
“This The mechanisms underlying host-mediated virusinduced demyelination in this model are still under investigation.”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 43
- Andrewes CH, 1978, Viruses of Vertebrates, 221
- Andrewes CH, 1978, Viruses of Vertebrates, 133
- Andrewes CH, 1978, Viruses of Vertebrates, 67
- Appel MJG, 1969, Pathogenesis of canine distemper, Am J Vet Res, 30, 1167
- Bhatt PN, 1976, Chandipura, a new rhabdovirus isolated in India from patients with febrile illness, Ind J Med Res, 55, 1295
- 10.1007/BF02121718 · DOI
- Carpenter S, 1972, Pathology of the Nervous System, 2260
- Dal Canto MC, 1975, Primary demyelination in Theiler's virus infection: an ultrastructural study, Lab Invest, 33, 626
- Dal Canto MC, 1980, Schwann cell remyelination and recurrent demyelination in the central nervous system of mice infected with attenuated Theiler's virus, Am J Pathol, 98, 101
- Dal CantoMC LiptonHL: Ultrastructural immunohistochemical demonstration of Theiler's virus in acute and chronic Theiler's demyelinating encephalomyelitis.Am J Pathol(in press)
- Dal Canto MC, 1981, Murine central nervous system infection by a viral temperature‐sensitive mutant, Am J Pathol, 102, 412
- Georgsson G, 1976, Slow Virus Disease of Animals and Man, 61
- 10.1007/BF00692058 · DOI
- Harter DH, 1976, Slow Virus Diseases of Animals and Man, 45
- KellyWR BlakemoreWF JagelmanS WebbHE: An EM study of the focal demyelinating lesions in the mouse CNS during 29 days after an IP injection of avirulent Semliki Forest virus.J Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol(in press)
- Koestner A, 1970, Ultrastructure of canine distemper virus in explant tissue cultures of canine cerebellum, Lab Invest, 23, 196
- Krakowka S, 1978, Canine distemper virus‐associated encephalitis: modification by passive antibody administration, Acta Neuropathol (Berl), 43, 235, 10.1007/BF00691584 · DOI
- Lampert PW, 1978, Autoimmune and virus‐induced demyelinating diseases. A review, Am J Pathol, 91, 176
- 10.1007/BF00691421 · DOI
- Levintow L, 1976, Reproduction of picornaviruses, Comp Virol, 2, 109
- Lipton HL, 1977, Chronic Theiler's virus infection in mice, Microbiology, 1977, 505
- Lumsden CE, 1970, Multiple sclerosis, 217
- Martin JR, 1979, Progress in Neuropathology, 27
- McCullough B, 1974, Experimental canine distemper virus‐induced demyelination, Lab Invest, 31, 216
- 10.1007/BF00702672 · DOI
- Palsson PA, 1976, Slow Virus Diseases of Animals and Man, 17
- Panitch HS, 1979, Antibodies to measles virus react with myelinic basic protein, Neurology (NY), 29, 548
- Pasteur L, 1885, Méthode pour prévenir la rage aprés morsure, C R Acad Sci (Paris), 101, 765
- Paterson PY, 1978, Immunological Diseases, 1400
- Petursson G, 1976, Pathogenesis of visna I. Sequential virologic, serologic and pathologic studies, Lab Invest, 35, 402
- Petursson G, 1978, Immunopathogenesis of visna. A slow virus disease of the central nervous system, Acta Neurol Scand, 57, 205
- Powell HC, 1975, Oligodendrocytes and their myelin‐plasma membrane connections in JHM mouse hepatits virus encephalomyelitis, Lab Invest, 33, 440
- Prineas JW, 1970, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 107
- Raine CS, 1976, Progress in Neuropathology, 225
- 10.1007/978-1-4684-3563-4_3 · DOI
- 10.1084/jem.128.6.1237 · DOI
- 10.1007/BF00689993 · DOI
- Stohlman SA, 1980, Resistance to fatal central nervous system disease by mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM. II. Adherent cell‐mediated protection, J Immunol, 124, 1733, 10.4049/jimmunol.124.4.1733 · DOI
- 10.1007/BF01315637 · DOI
- 10.1007/BF00692791 · DOI
- 10.1084/jem.65.5.705 · DOI
- Townsend JJ, 1979, Morphology of central nervous system disease in immunosuppressed mice after peripheral herpes simplex virus inoculation. Trigeminal root entry zone, Lab Invest, 40, 178
- Wisniewski H, 1972, Observations on viral demyelinating encephalomyelitis. Canine distemper, Lab Invest, 26, 589
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–159 of 159
Mendelman, P., Jankovsky, L. D., Murray, R., Licari, P., DeVald, B., Gerdes, J., & Burks, J. (1983) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1983.04210070033010 · Cited by 10
Pathogenic Characteristics of Neutralization-Resistant Variants of JHM Coronavirus (MHV-4)
Fleming, J. O., Trousdale, M. D., Stohlman, S. A., & Weiner, L. P. (1987) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1280-2_42 · Cited by 10
Theiler's virus replication in isolated schwann cell cultures
Frankel, G., Friedmann, A., Amir, A., David, Y., & Shahar, A. (1986) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490150202 · Cited by 10
Hormone and immune system interactions in demyelinating disease
Gomez, F. P., Steelman, A. J., Young, C. R., & Welsh, C. J. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.10.014 · Cited by 11
“Viruses cause demyelination in different animal species: measles virus in rats; mouse hepatitis virus, Semliki Forest virus and Theiler's virus in mice; visna virus in sheep; and herpes simplex in rabbits (Dal Canto and Rabinowitz, 1982).”
BackgroundCellular Basis of HIV Infection of the CNS and the AIDS Dementia Complex:
Esiri, M. M., & Morris, C. S. (1995) · Journal of Neuro-AIDS · doi:10.1300/j128v01n01_07 · Cited by 8
Infection of rat brain primary cell cultures with an avirulent A7 strain of Semliki Forest virus.
Bruce, C., Chapman, J. A., Suckling, A. J., & Rumsby, M. (1984) · Journal of Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(84)90143-6 · Cited by 9
Primary demyelination in visna
Georgsson, G., Martin, J. R., Klein, J., Pálsson, P. A., Nathanson, N., & Pétursson, G. (1982) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00685386 · Cited by 9
Pericytes in Multiple Sclerosis
Rivera, F. J., Hinrichsen, B., & Silva, M. E. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_8 · Cited by 11
The Contribution of MHC Gene Products to Demyelination by Theiler’s Virus
Rodriguez, M., David, C., & Pease, L. (1987) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0764-9_72 · Cited by 9
Virologic models of chronic relapsing demyelinating disease.
Knobler, R. L., Rodriguez, M., Lampert, P. W., & Oldstone, M. (1983) · Acta neuropathologica. Supplementum · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69094-5_4 · Cited by 9
Immunohistochemical investigation of cerebellum in dogs infected with canine distemper virus.
Kabakci, N., Yarım, M., Karahan, S., Guvenc, T., Yagci, B. B., & Gurcan, I. S. (2004) · Acta Veterinaria Hungarica · doi:10.1556/avet.52.2004.3.8 · Cited by 8
“Thus, crucial roles of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of CDV infection have been suggested by researchers (Wisniewski et al., 1972; Raine, 1976; Vandevelde et al., 1981; Dal Canto and Rabinowitz, 1982; Vandevelde et al., 1985 a ; Vandevelde and Zurbriggen, 1995).”
Relapsing-remitting, corticosteroid-sensitive, varicella zoster virus optic neuritis.
Pless, M., & Malik, S. (2003) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0887-8994(03)00306-0 · Cited by 8
Demyelination precedes oligodendrocyte loss in canine distemper virus-induced encephalitis
Schobesberger, M., Zurbriggen, A., Doherr, M. G., Weissenböck, H., Vandevelde, M., Lassmann, H., & Griot, C. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010100427 · Cited by 8
Lampert, P., & Rodriguez, M. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5250-4_37 · Cited by 8
Seehusen, F., Al-Azreg, S., Raddatz, B., Haist, V., Puff, C., Spitzbarth, I., Ulrich, R., & Baumgärtner, W. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159752 · Cited by 7
“With regard to the morphology of the lesions, DL shares some features with human demyelinating diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), which has consequently led to the use of DL as a spontaneously occurring animal model of demyelination [1,4,5].”
BackgroundMori, T., Terai, T., Hatano, M., Oda, Y., Asada, A., & Moriwaki, M. (1997) · Anesthesia and Analgesia · doi:10.1097/00000539-199710000-00029 · Cited by 7
“The process by which herpes zoster leads to subsequent optic neuritis is not well understood, but it may be related to multiple mechanisms, including viral spread, ischemic vasculitis, demyelination, and host-immune response to infection ( 8-10 ).”
Backgroundβ-Endorphin protects mice from neurological disease induced by the murine coronavirus MHV-JHM
Gilmore, W., & Moradzadeh, D. S. (1993) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(93)90061-3 · Cited by 7
“The neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus known as MHV-4-JHM (JHMV) causes acute encephalitis accompanied by acute and in some cases chronic paralytic-demyelinating disease in susceptible strains of mice and rats (Cheever et al., 1949; Weiner, 1973; Lampert et al., 1973; Sorensen et al., 1980 , Knobler et al., 1…”
BackgroundRodriguez, M., Zoecklein, L., Kerkvliet, J. G., Pavelko, K., Papke, L. M., Howe, C., Pease, L., & David, C. (2008) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02243-07 · Cited by 6
“Our laboratory has investigated virus control, virus persistence, and demyelination following intracerebral injection of Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a picornavirus that induces a characteristic biphasic disease in the CNS of immune competent mice ( 3 , 21).”
BackgroundMechanisms of Virus‐Induced Demyelination and Remyelinationa
Rodriguez, M. (1988) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb27066.x · Cited by 6
Hamano, K., Robain, O., Gray, F., & Farkas‐Bargeton, E. (1986) · The Japanese journal of psychiatry and neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1986.tb03143.x · Cited by 6
The Cause, Pathogenesis and Treatment of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Dyken, P., & Durant, R. (1983) · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-029775-0.50031-6 · Cited by 6
Rivera, F. J., Kraus, J., Steffenhagen, C., Küry, P., Weidner, N., & Aigner, L. (2011) · Current Signal Transduction Therapy · doi:10.2174/157436211797483994 · Cited by 3
Social Conflict Exacerbates an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Meagher, M. W., Johnson, R. R., Vichaya, E. G., Young, E. E., Lunt, S., & Welsh, C. J. (2007) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838007303506 · Cited by 5
“…animal model of virus-induced CNS demyelination (Oleszak, Chang, Friedman, Katsetos, & Platsoucas, 2004; Sospedra & Martin, 2005; Theiler, 1934; Welsh, Tonks, Borrow, & Nash, 1990), several other viruses have been shown to induce demyelination in animals (Dal Canto & Rabinowitz, 1982).”
BackgroundAnimal Models for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis
Miller, R. H., Fyffe-Maricich, S. L., & Caprariello, A. V. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00037-1 · Cited by 12
Welsh, C., Mi, W., Sieve, A., Steelman, A., Johnson, R. R., Young, C., Prentice, T., Hammons, A., Storts, R., Welsh, T., et al. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-48334-4_10 · Cited by 5
Vilafranca, M., Tello, M., Pumarola, M., & Domingo, M. (1996) · Journal of Comparative Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0021-9975(96)80061-2 · Cited by 5
Virus-Induced Changes in Neural Cells
Lycke, E. (1985) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0797-7_19 · Cited by 5
Virus-Induced Demyelination: The Case for Virus(es) in Multiple Sclerosis
Soldan, S., & Jacobson, S. (2016) · Neurotropic Viral Infections · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_6 · Cited by 4
Animal Models for the Study of Multiple Sclerosis
Miller, R. H., Fyffe-Maricich, S. L., & Caprariello, A. V. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00042-7
Nongenetic Animal Models of Myelin Disorders
Miller, S. L. (1992) · doi:10.1385/0-89603-208-6:205 · Cited by 4
Kastrukoff, L., Lau, A., Osborne, D., & Kim, S. U. (1989) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0777-8_12 · Cited by 4
Fongsaran, C., Dineley, K. T., Paessler, S., & Cisneros, I. E. (2024) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens13050397 · Cited by 3
Moss, H. E., Tansey, E., Milner, P., Lincoln, J., & Burnstock, G. (1990) · Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System · doi:10.1016/0165-1838(90)90171-e · Cited by 3
Jewtoukoff, V., & Bach, M. (1988) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/0896-8411(88)90066-2 · Cited by 3
(2006) · doi:10.1016/b978-012088576-3/50060-5 · Cited by 3
Social Stress Alters the Severity of an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis
Meagher, M. W., Johnson, R. R., Vichaya, E. G., & Welsh, C. J. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-48334-4_11 · Cited by 3
Virus-Induced Demyelination: From Animal Models to Human Diseases
Rose, J. (1992) · Mayo Clinic proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60833-7 · Cited by 2
AIDS-Dementia-Complex: pathology, pathogenesis and future directions
Canto, M. C. D. (1989) · The Italian journal of neurological sciences (Testo stampato) · doi:10.1007/bf02333773 · Cited by 2
“herpes symplex, measles and especially JC virus, the last being responsible for progressive muitifocal leukoencephalopathy or PML [14].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChronic Viral Disease of Myelin
Rovner, D. M., & Weiner, L. (1985) · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1041513 · Cited by 2
Renkawek, K., Majkowska-Wierzbicka, J., & Krajewski, S. (2004) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/bf00313839 · Cited by 2
“The clinical course, together with the CSF findings and neuropathological changes, such as the composition of the infiltration (mainly lymphocytes, plasma cells and proliferating rod-shaped microglia cells, sporadically in nodule formation) and perivascular demyelination, favor the diagnosis of virus-induced dissemina…”
BackgroundIn silico modelling of neuron signal impact of cytokine storm-induced demyelination
Adonias, G. L., Siljak, H., Balasubramaniam, S., & Barros, M. T. (2024) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.240138 · Cited by 1
Patterns of spread of different demyelinating processes in the myelin sheath.
Wolman, M. (1992) · Progress in neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(92)90048-j · Cited by 1
Animal models of multiple sclerosis.
Fleming, J. (1985) · Mayo Clinic proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)60874-x · Cited by 1
Reiss, C. (2016) · Cambridge International Law Journal · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8 · Cited by 1
Valk, J., & van der Knaap, M. S. (1989) · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02568-0_39 · Cited by 1
Varicella-Zoster Virus Latency in The Nervous System
Gilden, D., Vafai, A., Shtram, Y., Becker, Y., Devlin, M., & Wellish, M. (1984) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2403-4_6 · Cited by 1
Horwitz, M. S., & Sarvetnick, N. (1996) · Annales de l Institut Pasteur / Actualités · doi:10.1016/s0924-4204(97)85202-x
A paradigm for virus-induced demyelinating disease
Christensen, T. (1997) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(97)84468-x
Excursus RM di malattie infettive
Andreula, C., Marano, G., & Carella, A. (1992) · doi:10.1177/197140099200500305
Molecular pathogenesis of virus infections
Horzinek, M. C. (1987) · Experientia · doi:10.1007/bf01945522
(1985) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92092-6
Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions in Neurotropic Viral Infections
Welsh, C. J., Steelman, A. J., Young, C. R., Linsenbardt, H. R., & Meagher, M. W. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_9
Autoimmune Processes in the Central Nervous System
Welsh, C. J., & Young, C. R. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30398-7_15 · Cited by 1
“Viruses are also known to cause demyelination in animals: measles virus in rats; JHM mouse hepatitis virus, Semliki Forest virus, and Theiler’s virus in mice; visna in sheep; herpes simplex in rabbits (Dal Canto and Rabinowitz, 1982).”
BackgroundCentral Nervous System: CNS Infections
Andreula, C. (2005) · doi:10.1007/3-540-26664-x_1
Strategies to Promote Central Nervous System Remyelination In Vivo
Asakura, K., & Rodriguez, M. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60669-4_26
Dörries, R., Watanabe, R., Wege, H., & ter Meulen, V. (1987) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-5348-3_6
Autoimmune disease and viral infection.
Fleming, J., & Weiner, L. (1983) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63854-6
Metadata
- Authors
- Dal Canto, M. C., & Rabinowitz, S. G.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1982-02
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 109-127
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- PMC
- PMC7159566
- OpenAlex
- W2025146338
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Immunology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Keywords
- demyelination, multiple sclerosis, viral pathogenesis, animal models, JHM virus, Theiler's virus, visna virus, canine distemper virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, Chandipura virus, herpes simplex virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Semliki Forest virus, central nervous system demyelination, immunopathology
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Central Nervous System Diseases, Coronaviridae Infections, Demyelinating Diseases, Disease Models, Animal, Distemper, Distemper Virus, Canine, Dogs, Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine, Maus Elberfeld virus, Enterovirus Infections, Herpes Simplex, Multiple Sclerosis, Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep, Rhabdoviridae, Sheep, Virus Diseases, Visna-maedi virus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
