Facile Recoding of Selenocysteine in Nature
Open accessAbstract
Selenocysteine (Sec or U) is encoded by UGA, a stop codon reassigned by a Sec‐specific elongation factor and a distinctive RNA structure. To discover possible code variations in extant organisms we analyzed 6.4 trillion base pairs of metagenomic sequences and 24 903 microbial genomes for tRNA Sec species. As expected, UGA is the predominant Sec codon in use. We also found tRNA Sec species that recognize the stop codons UAG and UAA, and ten sense codons. Selenoprotein synthesis programmed by UAG in Geodermatophilus and Blastococcus, and by the Cys codon UGU in Aeromonas salmonicida was confirmed by metabolic labeling with 75 Se or mass spectrometry. Other tRNA Sec species with different anticodons enabled E. coli to synthesize active formate dehydrogenase H, a selenoenzyme. This illustrates the ease by which the genetic code may evolve new coding schemes, possibly aiding organisms to adapt to changing environments, and show the genetic code is much more flexible than previously thought.
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Selenocysteine is represented in varying sets of proteins in diverse organisms from all three domains of life.
“selenocysteine, which is represented in varying sets of proteins in diverse organisms from all three domains of life (3, 55)”
From Origin and Evolution of the Universal Genetic Code (2017) · cites this paper as [55]
Selenocysteine and pyrrolysine have been co-opted into the code.
“At least two well-characterized non-canonical amino acids have been co-opted into the code, namely, selenocysteine that is represented in varying sets of proteins in diverse organisms from all three domains of life [18,19], and pyrrolysine, currently detected only in some archaea.”
From Frozen Accident Pushing 50: Stereochemistry, Expansion, and Chance in the Evolution of the Genetic Code (2017) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Mukai, T., Englert, M., Tripp, H. J., Miller, C., Ivanova, N. N., Rubin, E. M., Kyrpides, N. C., & Söll, D.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- United States Department of Energy (US)
- Corresponding author
- Söll, Dieter
- Venue
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-03-16
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 5337-5341
- ISSN
- 1433-7851 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-3773
- PMC
- PMC4833512
- OpenAlex
- W2300560013
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 6.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for General Medical Sciences (GM22854)
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the Department of Energy (DE-FG02-98ER20311)
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Selenium in Biological Systems
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Organoselenium and organotellurium chemistry
- Keywords
- selenocysteine, UGA codon, stop codon reassignment, selenoprotein biosynthesis, genetic code evolution, selenoenzymes, Geodermatophilus, Blastococcus, Aeromonas salmonicida, anticodon, metagenomic analysis
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Base Sequence, Genetic Code, Genome, Bacterial, Selenocysteine, Codon, Terminator, Evolution, Molecular, Metagenome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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