Cited by 696Luminescence and Fluorescent MaterialsPhotochemistry and Electron Transfer StudiesOrganic Light-Emitting Diodes Research

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Aggregation‐Induced Emission (AIE): A Historical Perspective

Würthner, Frank·2020·Angewandte Chemie International Edition

DOI 10.1002/anie.202007525

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Abstract

Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) has attracted considerable interest over the last twenty years. In contrast to the large number of available reviews focusing specifically on AIE, this Essay discusses the AIE phenomenon from a broader perspective, with an emphasis on early observations related to AIE made long before the term was coined. Illustrative examples are highlighted from the 20th century where fluorescence enhancement upon rigidification of dyes in viscous or solid environments or J‐aggregate formation was studied. It is shown that these examples already include typical AIE luminogens such as tetraphenylethylene (TPE) as well as stilbenes and oligo‐ or polyphenylenevinylenes and ‐ethynylenes, which became important fluorescent solid‐state materials in OLED research in the 1990s. Further examples include cyanine dyes such as thiazole orange (TO) or its dimers (TOTOs), which have been widely applied as molecular probes in nucleic acid research. The up to 10 000‐fold fluorescence enhancement of such dyes upon intercalation into double‐stranded DNA, attributable to the restricted intramolecular motion (RIM) concept, afforded commercial products for bioimaging and fluorescence sensing applications already in the early 1990s.

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Patented AIE materials for biomedical applications
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“Oppositely, AIEgens proposed by Tang’s group [26] in 2001 exhibit significantly enhanced fluorescence under aggregation state, which fundamentally overcomes the deficiency of the ACQ effect [27,28].”
Background
Discrete Macrocyclic Polymer Hosts‐Induced Cascade Luminescence Enhancement and Application in Bioimaging
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“Owing to the spatial confinement of its four phenyl rotors around the central double bond, TPE exhibits a highly distorted geometry and is widely recognized as a key building block for conferring and enhancing AIE properties [ 96–98 ].”
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Authors: Würthner, F.
Affiliations: University of Würzburg (DE)
Corresponding author: Würthner, Frank
ORCID: Würthner, Frank
Venue: Angewandte Chemie International Edition
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2020-07-13
Volume: 59
Issue: 34
Pages: 14192-14196
ISSN: 1433-7851 (ISSN-L)
1521-3773
DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007525
OpenAlex: W3042602012
Cited by: 696
References: 63
Citations by year: 2026: 68 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 133 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 120 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 19
FWCI: 4.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Angewandte Chemie International Edition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Research
Keywords: aggregation-induced emission, fluorescence enhancement, J-aggregate formation, tetraphenylethylene, stilbenes, poly(phenylene vinylene), cyanine dyes, thiazole orange, DNA intercalation, OLED materials, nucleic acid probes, bioimaging, fluorescence sensing

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Aggregation‐Induced Emission (AIE): A Historical Perspective

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