A Bright, Renal‐Clearable NIR‐II Brush Macromolecular Probe with Long Blood Circulation Time for Kidney Disease Bioimaging
Abstract
Early detection of kidney disease is of vital importance due to its current prevalence worldwide. Fluorescence imaging, especially in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II) has been regarded as a promising technique for the early diagnosis of kidney disease due to the superior resolution and sensitivity. However, the reported NIR‐II organic renal‐clearable probes are hampered by their low brightness ( ϵ max Φ f>1000 nm <10 M −1 cm −1 ) and limited blood circulation time ( t 1/2 <2 h), which impede the targeted imaging performance. Herein, we develop the aza‐boron‐dipyrromethene (aza‐BODIPY) brush macromolecular probes (Fudan BDIPY Probes ( FBP 912 )) with high brightness ( ϵ max Φ f>1000 nm ≈60 M −1 cm −1 ), which is about 10‐fold higher than that of previously reported NIR‐II renal‐clearable organic probes. FBP 912 exhibits an average diameter of ≈4 nm and high renal clearance efficiency (≈65 % excretion through the kidney within 12 h), showing superior performance for non‐invasively diagnosis of renal ischemia‐reperfusion injury (RIR) earlier than clinical serum‐based protocols. Additionally, the high molecular weight polymer brush enables FBP 912 with prolonged circulation time ( t 1/2 ≈6.1 h) and higher brightness than traditional PEGylated renal‐clearable control fluorophores ( t 1/2 <2 h), facilitating for 4T1 tumor passive targeted imaging and renal cell carcinoma active targeted imaging with higher signal‐to‐noise ratio and extended retention time.
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The high molecular weight conferred FBP 912 with a prolonged blood circulation time (t1/2 ≈ 6.1 h) and enhanced tumor accumulation, yielding an SNR of 8.2 in 4T1 tumor imaging.
“The high molecular weight conferred FBP 912 with a prolonged blood circulation time (t1/2 ≈ 6.1 h) and enhanced tumor accumulation, yielding an SNR of 8.2 in 4T1 tumor imaging.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [56]
Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that FBP 912 achieved 65% renal clearance at 12 h post injection, enabling real-time in vivo monitoring of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.
“Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies revealed that FBP 912 achieved 65% renal clearance at 12 h post injection, enabling real-time in vivo monitoring of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [56]
Zhang et al. developed a NIR-II brush fluorophore, FBP 912.
“Zhang et al. successfully developed a NIR-II brush fluorophore, FBP 912 (Fig. 16b)56.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [56]
FBP 912's brush macromolecular structure effectively shielded the fluorophore core from quenching by water, endowing it with ~10-fold higher brightness than previously reported NIR-II renal-clearable organic probes.
“Its brush macromolecular structure effectively shielded the fluorophore core from quenching by water, endowing it with ~10-fold higher brightness than previously reported NIR-II renal-clearable organic probes.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [56]
The FBP 912 design strategy might provide feasibility for diverse functional modifications and hold promise for broad applicability in designing water-soluble NIR-II probes.
“This design strategy might provide feasibility for diverse functional modifications and hold promise for broad applicability in designing water-soluble NIR-II probes.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [56]
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References 51 · Cited by 117
- Authors
- Yao, C., Chen, Y., Zhao, M., Wang, S., Wu, B., Yang, Y., Yin, D., Yu, P., Zhang, H., & Zhang, F.
- Affiliations
- Fudan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Fan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-12-10
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e202114273-e202114273
- ISSN
- 1433-7851 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-3773
- OpenAlex
- W3217689961
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 21
- FWCI
- 7.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2017YFA0207303)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21725502, 31771195, 81790640, 21701027, 21875043 and 82021002)
- Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (20490710600, 20YF1402200, 20JC1411700, 19490713100, 20S31903700)
- Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China (KLH1615225)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Molecular Sensors and Ion Detection
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- NIR-II fluorescence imaging, aza-BODIPY, renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, blood circulation time, renal clearance, early diagnosis, renal cell carcinoma, PEGylation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Boron Compounds, Fluorescent Dyes, Humans, Infrared Rays, Kidney, Kidney Diseases, Macromolecular Substances, Mice, Optical Imaging
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