Ibuprofen and Lipoic Acid Diamides as Potential Codrugs with Neuroprotective Activity
Abstract
Current evidences support the hypothesis that non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antioxidant therapy might protect against the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present work, our attention was focused on ibuprofen (IBU) used in clinical trails to prevent Alzheimer's disease, and (R)‐α‐lipoic acid (LA) considered as a potential neuroprotective agent in AD therapy. In particular, we investigated a series of lipophilic molecular combinations obtained by joining (R)‐α‐lipoic acid and ibuprofen via an amide bond. These new entities might allow targeted delivery of the parent drugs to neurons, where cellular oxidative stress and inflammation seem related to Alzheimer's disease. Our study included the synthesis of conjugates 1–3 and the evaluation of their physicochemical and in‐vitro antioxidant properties. The new compounds are extremely stable in aqueous buffer solutions (pH = 1.3 and 7.4), and in rat and human plasma they showed a slow bioconversion to ibuprofen and (R)‐α‐lipoic acid. Codrugs 1–3 displayed in vitro free radical scavenging activity and were hydrolyzed more rapidly in brain tissue than in rat serum indicating that these new entities might allow targeted delivery of the parent drugs to neurons. The immunohistochemical analysis of Aβ (1‐40) protein showed that Aβ‐injected cerebral cortices treated with ibuprofen or compound 1 showed few plaques within capillary vessels and, in particular, Aβ (1‐40) protein was less expressed in codrug‐1‐treated than in ibuprofen‐treated cerebral cortex.
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In an in vivo rat model, the positive in vitro results for compound 13 were confirmed.
“The most promising compound 13 was then investigated in in vivo rat model, where the positive in vitro results were confirmed.85”
From From combinations to multitarget-directed ligands: A continuum in Alzheimer’s disease polypharmacology (2021) · cites this paper as [85]
In vitro assays showed better free radical-scavenging properties for ibuprofen-lipoic acid codrugs 13-15 than for ibuprofen and lipoic acid tested alone.
“Moreover, in vitro assays showed better free radical-scavenging properties for 13 to 15 than 4 and 12 tested alone.85”
From From combinations to multitarget-directed ligands: A continuum in Alzheimer’s disease polypharmacology (2021) · cites this paper as [85]
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- Authors
- Sozio, P., D'Aurizio, E., Iannitelli, A., Cataldi, A., Zara, S., Cantalamessa, F., Nasuti, C., & Di Stefano, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Chieti-Pescara (IT)
- Università di Camerino (IT)
- Venue
- Archiv der Pharmazie
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-03
- Volume
- 343
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 133-142
- ISSN
- 0365-6233 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-4184
- OpenAlex
- W2019137561
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archiv der Pharmazie (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Unicam Scientific Publications (University of Camerino) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- ibuprofen, alpha-lipoic acid, codrugs, Alzheimer's disease, neuroprotection, antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, oxidative stress, inflammation, amyloid plaques, Aβ40, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, drug stability in plasma
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Antioxidants, Brain, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Diamide, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Combinations, Drug Stability, Ibuprofen, Thioctic Acid, Male, Prodrugs, Free Radical Scavengers, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Rats, Wistar, Neuroprotective Agents, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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