The decline in the concentration of citations, 1900–2007
Open accessAbstract
This article challenges recent research (Evans, 2008) reporting that the concentration of cited scientific literature increases with the online availability of articles and journals. Using Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, the present article analyses changes in the concentration of citations received (2‐ and 5‐year citation windows) by papers published between 1900 and 2005. Three measures of concentration are used: the percentage of papers that received at least one citation (cited papers); the percentage of papers needed to account for 20%, 50%, and 80% of the citations; and the Herfindahl‐Hirschman index (HHI). These measures are used for four broad disciplines: natural sciences and engineering, medical fields, social sciences, and the humanities. All these measures converge and show that, contrary to what was reported by Evans, the dispersion of citations is actually increasing.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Over 92% of the contaminated papers are cited at least once, which is more than average for biomedical literature.
“Furthermore, over 92% of the contaminated papers are cited at least once, which is more than average for biomedical literature [34].”
From The ghosts of HeLa: How cell line misidentification contaminates the scientific literature (2017) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Larivière, V., Gingras, Y., & Archambault, É.
- Affiliations
- Université du Québec à Montréal (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Larivière, Vincent
- Gingras, Yves
- Archambault, Éric
- Venue
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-01-29
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 858-862
- ISSN
- 1532-2882 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-2890
- OpenAlex
- W2950319932
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Papyrus : Institutional Repository (Université de Montréal) (submittedVersion)
- Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Academic Publishing and Open Access
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Library Science and Information
- Keywords
- citation concentration, scientific publications, Web of Science, Herfindahl-Hirschman index, citation window, disciplinary differences, natural sciences and engineering, medical sciences
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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