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Cited by 151Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchGenetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Sex Differences and Associations With Symptoms

Open access
Miller, Meghan, Bales, Karen L., Taylor, Sandra L., Yoon, Jong, Hostetler, Caroline M., Carter, Cameron S., Solomon, Marjorie·2013·Autism Research
DOI 10.1002/aur.1270PMC PMC3657571
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Abstract

There has been intensified interest in the neuropeptides oxytocin ( OT ) and arginine vasopressin ( AVP ) in autism spectrum disorders ( ASD ) given their role in affiliative and social behavior in animals, positive results of treatment studies using OT , and findings that genetic polymorphisms in the AVP–OT pathway are present in individuals with ASD . Nearly all such studies in humans have focused only on males. With this preliminary study, we provide basic and novel information on the involvement of OT and AVP in autism, with an investigation of blood plasma levels of these neuropeptides in 75 preadolescent and adolescent girls and boys ages 8–18: 40 with high‐functioning ASD (19 girls, 21 boys) and 35 typically developing children (16 girls, 19 boys). We related neuropeptide levels to social, language, repetitive behavior, and internalizing symptom measures in these individuals. There were significant gender effects: Girls showed higher levels of OT , while boys had significantly higher levels of AVP . There were no significant effects of diagnosis on OT or AVP . Higher OT values were associated with greater anxiety in all girls, and with better pragmatic language in all boys and girls. AVP levels were positively associated with restricted and repetitive behaviors in girls with ASD but negatively (nonsignificantly) associated with these behaviors in boys with ASD . Our results challenge the prevailing view that plasma OT levels are lower in individuals with ASD , and suggest that there are distinct and sexually dimorphic mechanisms of action for OT and AVP underlying anxiety and repetitive behaviors. Autism Res 2013, 6: 91–102. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This preliminary study measured plasma oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in 75 children and adolescents ages 8–18, including 40 with high-functioning ASD and 35 typically developing peers. It found sex differences in neuropeptide levels but no diagnostic differences, and reported sexually dimorphic associations with anxiety, social language, and repetitive behaviors.

Key findings

  • Girls had significantly higher plasma OT than boys, F(1, 68) = 4.53, p = .037; boys had significantly higher plasma AVP than girls, F(1, 67) = 4.24, p = .043. There were no significant effects of diagnosis on OT, F(1, 68) = 2.28, p = .270, or AVP, F(1, 67) = 1.89, p = .174.
  • Higher OT was associated with better social language in all boys and girls: in all girls, OT correlated with CCC coherence (rs = −.36, p = .033), scripted language (rs = −.43, p = .009), and nonverbal communication (rs = −.35, p = .041); in all boys, OT correlated with CCC coherence (rs = −.36, p = .022) and nonverbal communication (rs = −.32, p = .046).
  • Higher OT was associated with greater anxiety in all girls (BASC anxiety rs = .375, p = .032), and in typically developing girls this association was significant after adjustment (rs = .64, p = .010; adjusted p = .020).
  • In girls with ASD, AVP was positively associated with repetitive behaviors, including RBS self-injurious behavior (rs = .50, p = .042) and RBS overall score (rs = .51, p = .036); in boys with ASD, AVP was negatively associated with SRS social cognition (rs = −.46, p = .037) and social motivation (rs = −.44, p = .044), and the AVP–RBS self-injurious association significantly differed between girls and boys with ASD (Fisher z = 2.55, p < .01).

Methods

  • Cross-sectional study of 75 participants ages 8–18: 40 with high-functioning ASD (19 girls, 21 boys) and 35 typically developing children (16 girls, 19 boys); four initial participants were removed as outliers, leaving the final sample.
  • ASD diagnosis was confirmed using DSM-IV-TR criteria, ADOS-G, and SCQ; symptom measures included SRS, CCC-2, RBS-R, and BASC2 anxiety/depression scales. Blood samples were collected after fasting, plasma was assayed for OT and AVP by enzyme immunoassay, and values were log-transformed.
  • ANOVA tested sex, diagnosis, and sex-by-diagnosis effects on OT/AVP while controlling for age, time of blood draw, and medication status. Spearman correlations related neuropeptide residuals to symptom measures, with false discovery rate adjustment also reported.

Limitations

  • The paper states that plasma neuropeptide levels were measured from a single venipuncture, which likely gives an incomplete picture because OT is released in a pulsatile fashion; it also notes that relationships among brain, CNS, and plasma neuropeptide levels are not straightforward, especially for AVP.
  • The authors state that they emphasized results prior to adjustment for multiple comparisons and that adjustment would reduce power and increase false negatives, consistent with the study’s exploratory goal of identifying novel associations.
  • The paper states that secondary analyses including IQ and medication status are difficult to interpret because little is known about their associations with neuropeptide levels, particularly AVP, and because participants took different medication types that may have different effects. Evident from the text: the sample is small, exploratory, and restricted to high-functioning ASD without parent-reported depression, anxiety, ADHD, Fragile X, Tourette’s, or seizures, limiting generalizability.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/aur.1270

Cites

Statistics

13 tests recomputed · 0 with the reported and recomputed p on opposite sides of .05

Claims the paper makes

0 of 31 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In all girls, OT levels were significantly negatively correlated with CCC coherence (rs = -.36, p = .033).

    “in all girls, there were significant associations between OT levels and CCC coherence (rs = −.36, p = .033)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There was no significant effect of diagnosis (ASD vs TYP) on plasma OT levels.

    “There were no significant effects of diagnosis on OT or AVP.”
    • Also stated in: § Blood plasma levels of OT and AVP · plain
      “There was not a significant effect of diagnosis on OT levels, F(1, 68) = 2.28, p = .270”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “There were no differences in OT or AVP levels between the ASD and typically developing groups.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In all girls, plasma OT levels were not associated with depression.

    “In all girls, there was a significant correlation between OT levels and BASC anxiety (rs = .375, p = .032), but not depression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In all girls, OT levels were significantly negatively correlated with CCC nonverbal communication (rs = -.35, p = .041).

    “CCC nonverbal communication (rs = −.35, p = .041)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In all boys, OT levels were significantly negatively correlated with CCC nonverbal communication (rs = -.32, p = .046).

    “CCC nonverbal communication (rs = −.32, p = .046)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 13
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Lower levels of repetitive behaviors in boys with ASD were associated with higher AVP levels, although this association did not reach statistical significance.

    “but lower levels of repetitive behaviors in boys with ASD (although this latter association did not reach statistical significance).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Overall plasma OT values differed by sex and were higher for girls.

    “As predicted, overall plasma OT values differed by sex and were higher for girls.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The associations between OT and BASC anxiety in TYP girls and between AVP and BASC anxiety/depression in all girls did not survive adjustment for multiple comparisons.

    “These associations did not survive adjustment for multiple comparisons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The RBS-R has acceptable inter-rater, test-retest, and internal consistency reliability.

    “The RBS-R has acceptable levels of inter-rater (.88), test-retest (.71), and internal consistency reliability (.78–.91).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bodfish, Symons, & Lewis, 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The ADOS-G has high inter-rater agreement and internal consistency for modules 3 and 4.

    “Lord et al. (2000) showed that mean inter-rater agreement was 88% across all items for modules 3 and 4; internal consistency ranged from .91–.94.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lord et al. (2000)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The BASC2 has acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency.

    “The BASC2 is used to evaluate adaptive and problem behaviors of children ages 2–25, and has exhibited acceptable levels of test-retest reliability (.76–.84) and internal consistency (.80–.87).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The SCQ cutoff of 15 gives sensitivity of .96 and specificity of .80 for autism versus other diagnoses.

    “A cutoff of 15 gives sensitivity of .96 and specificity of .80 for autism versus other diagnoses (Berument, Rutter, Lord, Pickles, & Bailey, 1999).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Berument, Rutter, Lord, Pickles, & Bailey, 1999

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The SRS has acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability.

    “The SRS has acceptable levels of internal consistency (.93–.97) and test-retest reliability (.77–.85).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Constantino, 2002

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    There is still much unknown about plasma levels of OT and AVP in individuals with ASD, and none in both high functioning boys and girls during childhood and adolescence.

    “Despite the burgeoning OT and AVP literatures, there is still much unknown about plasma levels of OT and AVP in individuals with ASD, and none in both high functioning boys and girls during childhood and adolescence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

    Premisecitation

    One common view is that restricted and repetitive behaviors in ASD are related to stress.

    “one common view is that they are related to stress (Rodgers, Riby, Janes, Connolly, & McConachie, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rodgers, Riby, Janes, Connolly, & McConachie, 2012

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Chronic stress associated with social isolation increases the synthesis of OT in prairie voles.

    “Chronic stress associated with social isolation also increases the synthesis of OT in prairie voles (Grippo et al. 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Grippo et al. 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Genetic polymorphisms in the AVP-OT pathway are present in individuals with ASD.

    “findings that genetic polymorphisms in the AVP-OT pathway are present in individuals with ASD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Taylor et al. (2006) suggested that OT levels constitute a "biomarker" of social separation or distress in women, and that OT release may provide the impetus for affiliative "tend and befriend" behaviors exhibited by women under stress.

    “Taylor et al. (2006) have suggested that OT levels constitute a “biomarker” of social separation or distress in women, and that OT release may provide the impetus for affiliative “tend and befriend” (versus male “fight or flight”) behaviors exhibited by women under stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Taylor et al. (2006)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In rats, forced swimming and shaker stress increase plasma OT levels.

    “In rats, forced swimming and shaker stress increase plasma OT levels (Gimpl & Fahrenholz, 2001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gimpl & Fahrenholz, 2001 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Women with depression display more dysregulated patterns of peripheral OT release and higher plasma OT levels when asked to imagine depression-inducing scenarios.

    “Women with depression have been shown to display more dysregulated patterns of peripheral OT release and higher plasma OT levels when asked to imagine depression-inducing scenarios (Cyranowski et al., 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cyranowski et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies found lower plasma OT in individuals with ASD.

    “Modahl et al. (1998) found lower levels of plasma OT in prepubertal boys with autism relative to typically developing (TYP) children.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Modahl et al. (1998)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Inter-assay coefficients of variation were 3.47% for OT and 12.26% for AVP; intra-assay coefficients of variation were 3.58% for OT and 3.16% for AVP.

    “Inter-assay coefficients of variation were 3.47% for OT and 12.26% for AVP; intra-assay coefficients of variation were 3.58% for OT and 3.16% for AVP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Participants on medication in the present study differed in the types of medications being taken, each of which could have a different effect on neuropeptide levels even within medication class.

    “Additionally, the participants on medication in the present study differed in the types of medications being taken, each of which could have a different effect on neuropeptide levels even within medication class (e.g., Kiss, Bundzikova, Pirnik, & Mikkelsen, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kiss, Bundzikova, Pirnik, & Mikkelsen, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The study is limited because it measured plasma neuropeptide levels and used a single venipuncture, which likely provides an incomplete picture of OT due to pulsatile release.

    “First, we measured plasma neuropeptide levels. OT is released into peripheral circulation in a pulsatile fashion. Thus, our approach of using a venipuncture for a single draw, which was based on the fact that we were studying children and adolescents, likely provides an incomplete picture (Cyranowski, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cyranowski, 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There has been recent progress in the creation of a first generation small-molecule OT receptor agonist.

    “there has been recent progress in the creation of a first generation small-molecule OT receptor agonist (Ring et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ring et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

    Premisecitation

    According to this view, the processes mediated by OT and the lack of reliance on AVP make being a girl a protective factor against manifesting autistic-like behavior.

    “According to this view, the processes mediated by OT and the lack of reliance on AVP make being a girl a protective factor against manifesting autistic-like behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carter, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    It is difficult to fully interpret the effects of IQ and medication status as covariates because little is known about their associations with neuropeptide levels, particularly AVP.

    “it is difficult to fully interpret their effects on the relationships examined in the present study given that little is known about their associations with neuropeptide levels, particularly AVP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The authors chose to emphasize results prior to adjustment for multiple comparisons because the reduced power from adjustment would unreasonably increase false negatives.

    “Third, in this early but hypothesis-driven study, we chose to emphasize results prior to adjustment for multiple comparisons. While we also presented results with adjustment for multiple comparisons, we feel that the reduced power resulting from doing so would unreasonably increase the number of false negatives, which is at odds with our goal of identifying new potential relationships and patterns”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The relationships among brain, CNS, and plasma levels of neuropeptides are not straightforward; while central and peripheral OT levels are believed to be correlated, the relationship may be less clear for AVP.

    “Second, the relationships among brain, CNS, and plasma levels of neuropeptides are not straightforward. While central and peripheral OT levels are believed to be correlated, the relationship may be less clear for AVP (Landgraf & Neumann, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Landgraf & Neumann, 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationown data

    The findings support taking a more nuanced view of OT's role rather than uniformly conferring protection against symptoms.

    “our findings support taking a more nuanced view of OT’s role.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

    Premisecitation

    One recent position advanced to explain the higher male prevalence of ASD is that the female neuroendocrine system confers "protection" against autistic traits.

    “One recent position advanced to explain the higher male prevalence of ASD is that the female neuroendocrine system confers “protection” against autistic traits (Carter, 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carter, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

26 of 26

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Peripheral plasma levels of OT and AVP are meaningful indicators of central neuropeptide activity relevant to ASD symptoms.

    “It is, as of yet, unclear what peripherally measured levels of OT and AVP (in plasma, saliva, or urine) represent, versus central levels.”
    “However, peripheral levels of OT and AVP are clearly responsive to social stimuli”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The cross-sectional associations between plasma OT/AVP and symptoms reflect mechanistic relationships rather than epiphenomena or reverse causation.

    “suggest there are distinct and sexually dimorphic mechanisms of action for OT and AVP underlying anxiety and repetitive behaviors.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    AVP is associated with the fight or flight response.

    “Additionally, AVP is associated with the fight or flight response and the present findings may suggest that higher levels of AVP in girls might also be a biomarker for stress related to repetitive behaviors.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between peripheral and central levels of OT.

    “Though we recognize that there is not necessarily a one-to-one relationship between peripheral and central levels of OT”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics that don’t add up

Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.

  • Inconsistent p-value: F(1, 68) = 2.28, p = .270

    Minor

    The paper reports p = .27 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .136. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.

    Reported p = .27 · recomputed p = .136

  • p-value fits an unstated one-tailed test: (z = 2.55, p < .01

    Minor

    The paper reports p < .01 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .011 (two-tailed). The reported value is what a one-tailed test gives, but the paper does not say near this result that a one-tailed test was used.

    Reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .011

2 of 2

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Doesn’t add upF(1, 68) = 2.28reported p = .27 · recomputed p = .136

    “F(1, 68) = 2.28, p = .270”

  • Doesn’t add upz = 2.55reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .011

    “(z = 2.55, p < .01”

  • Consistentt(32) = -3.3reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002

    “t(32) = −3.30, p = .002”

  • Consistentt(38) = -3.24reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002

    “t(38) = −3.24, p = .002”

  • Consistentt(17) = 0.32reported p = .757 · recomputed p = .753

    “t(17) = .32, p = .757”

  • Consistentt(16) = 0.69reported p = .501 · recomputed p = .500

    “t(16) = .69, p = .501”

  • Consistentt(19) = 1.72reported p = .102 · recomputed p = .102

    “t(19) = 1.72, p = .102”

  • Consistentt(19) = 3.03reported p = .007 · recomputed p = .007

    “t(19) = 3.03, p = .007”

  • ConsistentF(1, 68) = 4.53reported p = .037 · recomputed p = .037

    “F(1, 68) = 4.53, p = .037”

  • ConsistentF(1, 68) = 0.07reported p = .797 · recomputed p = .792

    “F(1, 68) = .07, p = .797”

  • ConsistentF(1, 67) = 4.24reported p = .043 · recomputed p = .043

    “F(1, 67) = 4.24, p = .043”

  • ConsistentF(1, 67) = 1.89reported p = .174 · recomputed p = .174

    “F(1, 67) = 1.89, p = .174”

  • ConsistentF(1, 67) = 0.91reported p = .344 · recomputed p = .344

    “F(1, 67) = .91, p = .344”

13 of 13

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Lay abstract reverses the AVP association in boys with ASD

    Minor

    The lay abstract says lower AVP accompanies lower repetitive behavior in boys with ASD. The reported negative correlations indicate the opposite direction: higher AVP accompanies lower behavior scores.

  • Adjusted AVP-internalizing associations are incorrectly said to have remained significant

    Minor

    The initial analysis says AVP was not associated with anxiety or depression in all girls. The subsequent adjusted analysis calls both associations ones that "remained significant," although neither was reported significant before adjustment.

2 of 2

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 84 · Cited by 151

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Bishop D., 2003, Children's communication checklist
  2. Ozonoff S., 2000, Asperger syndrome, 24
  3. Rutter M., 2003, SCQ: Social Communication Questionnaire

Authors
Miller, M., Bales, K. L., Taylor, S. L., Yoon, J., Hostetler, C. M., Carter, C. S., & Solomon, M.
Affiliations
  • University of California, Davis (US)
  • University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
Solomon, Marjorie
ORCID
Venue
Autism Research
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2013-02-14
Volume
6
Issue
2
Pages
91-102
ISSN
  • 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-3806
DOI
10.1002/aur.1270
PMC
PMC3657571
OpenAlex
W2127995502
Cited by
151
References
84
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
FWCI
29.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Autism Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (P51OD011107)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH099250, R01MH121416, T32MH073124, K08MH074967)
  • National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024146)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD051958)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Keywords
oxytocin, vasopressin, autism spectrum disorder, sex differences, plasma neuropeptide levels, anxiety, restricted and repetitive behaviors, pragmatic language, social behavior, adolescents, children
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Child, Child Behavior, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Language, Male, Oxytocin, Sex Factors, Social Behavior, Vasopressins

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

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