Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cannabinoids

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The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: Implications for psychosis

D'Souza, D. C., Perry, E., MacDougall, L., Ammerman, Y., Cooper, T., Wu, Y.-T., Braley, G., Gueorguieva, R., & Krystal, J. H. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300496 · Cited by 1,024

Cannabidiol and (−)Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol are neuroprotective antioxidants

Hampson, A. J., Grimaldi, M., Axelrod, J., & Wink, D. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.14.8268 · Cited by 850

Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial

Zajicek, J., Fox, P., Sanders, H., Wright, D., Vickery, J., Nunn, A., & Thompson, A. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14738-1 · Cited by 827

The nonpsychoactive cannabis constituent cannabidiol is an oral anti-arthritic therapeutic in murine collagen-induced arthritis

Malfait, A. M., Gallily, R., Sumariwalla, P. F., Malik, A. S., Andreakos, E., Mechoulam, R., & Feldmann, M. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.160105897 · Cited by 669

Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other effects produced by ?9-THC in normal subjects

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A tale of two cannabinoids: The therapeutic rationale for combining tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol

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Constituents of Cannabis sativa L. XVII. A review of the natural constituents

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Cannabis: pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans

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Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model

Baker, D., Pryce, G., Croxford, J., Brown, P., Pertwee, R., Huffman, J. W., & Layward, L. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35003583 · Cited by 546

Blood cannabinoids. I. Absorption of THC and formation of 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana.

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Marihuana Chemistry

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Mechanism of Percutaneous Absorption

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Plasma delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and clinical effects after oral and intravenous administration and smoking

Ohlsson, A., Lindgren, J. ‐., Wahlén, A., Agurell, S., Hollister, L. E., & Gillespie, H. K. (1980) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.181 · Cited by 475

Extrahepatic Metabolism of Drugs in Humans

Krishna, D. R., & Klotz, U. E. (1994) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/00003088-199426020-00007 · Cited by 444

Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids with emphasis on man.

Agurell, S., Halldin, M., Lindgren, J. E., Ohlsson, A., Widman, M., Gillespie, H., & Hollister, L. (1986) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(25)06861-9 · Cited by 406

Metabolism, disposition, and kinetics of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in men and women

Wall, M. E., Sadler, B. M., Brine, D. R., Taylor, H. L., & Perez‐Reyes, M. (1983) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.179 · Cited by 346

Analgesic Effect of the Synthetic Cannabinoid CT-3 on Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Karst, M., Salim, K., Burstein, S., Conrad, I., Hoy, L., & Schneider, U. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.13.1757 · Cited by 340

Potency Trends of Δ9-THC and Other Cannabinoids in Confiscated Marijuana from 1980–1997

ElSohly, M., Ross, S. A., Mehmedic, Z., Arafat, R., Yi, B., & Banahan, B. (2000) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1520/jfs14636j · Cited by 309

Testing for drugs of abuse in saliva and sweat

Kidwell, D. A., Holland, J. C., & Athanaselis, S. (1998) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00572-0 · Cited by 300

Cannabis and cannabinoids: pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic potential

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Cannabidiol: an overview of some chemical and pharmacological aspects. Part I: chemical aspects

Mechoulam, R., & Hanuš, L. (2002) · Chemistry and Physics of Lipids · doi:10.1016/s0009-3084(02)00144-5 · Cited by 250

Single-dose kinetics of deuterium-labelled cannabidiol in man after smoking and intravenous administration

Ohlsson, A., Lindgren, J., Andersson, S. K., Agurell, S., Gillespie, H. K., & Hollister, L. E. (1986) · Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/bms.1200130206 · Cited by 240

Oral fluid collection: the neglected variable in oral fluid testing

Crouch, D. J. (2005) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.028 · Cited by 228

Involvement of Cytochrome P450 3A4 Enzyme in the N-Demethylation of Methadone in Human Liver Microsomes

Iribarne, C., Berthou, F., Baird, S., Dréano, Y., PICART, D., Bail, J. P., Beaune, P. H., & Menez, J. F. (1996) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx950116m · Cited by 227

Physicochemical Properties, Solubility, and Protein Binding of Δ9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol

Garrett, E. R., & Hunt, C. A. (1974) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.2600630705 · Cited by 220

Tolerance and disposition of tetrahydrocannabinol in man.

Hunt, C. A., & Jones, R. T. (1980) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)32251-2 · Cited by 219

Detection of Marijuana Use by Oral Fluid and Urine Analysis Following Single-Dose Administration of Smoked and Oral Marijuana

Niedbala, R. S., Kardos, K. W., Fritch, D., Kardos, S., Fries, T., Waga, J., Robb, J. T., & Cone, E. J. (2001) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/25.5.289 · Cited by 218

Drugs in Human Milk

Atkinson, H. C., Begg, E. J., & Darlow, B. A. (1988) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/00003088-198814040-00003 · Cited by 214

Presence of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Milk

Perez‐Reyes, M., & Wall, M. E. (1982) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198209233071311 · Cited by 213

Relationship of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations in Oral Fluid and Plasma after Controlled Administration of Smoked Cannabis

Huestis, M. A., & Cone, E. J. (2004) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/28.6.394 · Cited by 208

Excretion patterns of cannabinoid metabolites after last use in a group of chronic users

Ellis, G. M., Mann, M. A., Judson, B. A., Schramm, N. T., & Tashchian, A. (1985) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.226 · Cited by 207

Marihuana: Studies on the Disposition and Metabolism of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Man

Lemberger, L., Silberstein, S. D., Axelrod, J., & Kopin, I. J. (1970) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.170.3964.1320 · Cited by 204

Drug Abuse Handbook

Karch, S. B., Segura, J., Boja, J. W., Wetli, C., Wolff, K., Heishman, S. J., Benowitz, N. L., Caplan, Y. H., Cone, E. J., Jones, A. W., et al. (1997) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420048292 · Cited by 196

Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Localization in Body Fat

Kreuz, D. S., & Axelrod, J. (1973) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.179.4071.391 · Cited by 192

The Cannabinoids: Chemical, Pharmacologic, and Therapeutic Aspects

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Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study About the Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on the Pharmacokinetics of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) After Oral Application of THC Verses Standardized Cannabis Extract

Nadulski, T., Pragst, F., Weinberg, G., Roser, P., Schnelle, M., Fronk, E., & Stadelmann, A. M. (2005) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/01.ftd.0000177223.19294.5c · Cited by 186

Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol: Metabolism and Disposition in Long-Term Marihuana Smokers

Lemberger, L., Tamarkin, N. R., Axelrod, J., & Kopin, I. J. (1971) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.173.3991.72 · Cited by 180

Early medical use of cannabis

Zlas, J., Stark, H., Seligman, J., Levy, R., Werker, E., Breuer, A., & Mechoulam, R. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/363215a0 · Cited by 180

Drug Testing in Hair

Kintz, P. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-318-9_4 · Cited by 171

Characterization of the absorption phase of marijuana smoking

Huestis, M. A., Sampson-Cone, A., Holicky, B., Henningfield, J. E., & Cone, E. J. (1992) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1992.100 · Cited by 164

Cannabinoids and appetite stimulation

Mattes, R. D., Engelman, K., Shaw, L. M. J., & ElSohly, M. A. (1994) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(94)90475-8 · Cited by 164

A comparison of the pharmacological activity in man of intravenously administered 1368-11368-11368-1, cannabinol, and cannabidiol

Perez‐Reyes, M., Timmons, M. C., Davis, K. H., & Wall, E. M. (1973) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf01922823 · Cited by 161

Differentiating New Marijuana Use From Residual Drug Excretion in Occasional Marijuana Users

Huestis, M. A., & Cone, E. J. (1998) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/22.6.445 · Cited by 158

The Metabolism of Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol and Related Cannabinoids in Man

Wall, M. E., & Perez‐Reyes, M. (1981) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1981.tb02594.x · Cited by 157

Clinical effects and plasma levels of ?9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (?9-THC) in heavy and light users of cannabis

Lindgren, J., Ohlsson, A., Agurell, S., Hollister, L. E., & Gillespie, H. K. (1981) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00427095 · Cited by 153

Metabolism of Tetrahydrocannabinol in Frequent and Infrequent Marijuana Users

Kelly, P., & Jones, R. T. (1992) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/16.4.228 · Cited by 148

Blood Cannabinoids. II. Models for the Prediction of Time of Marijuana Exposure from Plasma Concentrations of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH)

Huestis, M. A., Henningfield, J. E., & Cone, E. J. (1992) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/16.5.283 · Cited by 148

Simultaneous and Sensitive Analysis of THC, 11-OH-THC, THC-COOH, CBD, and CBN by GC-MS in Plasma after Oral Application of Small Doses of THC and Cannabis Extract

Nadulski, T., Sporkert, F., Schnelle, M., Stadelmann, A. M., Roser, P., Schefter, T., & Pragst, F. (2005) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/29.8.782 · Cited by 146

Comparison of effects of marihuana cigarettes of three different potencies

Perez‐Reyes, M., Guiseppi, S. R. D., Davis, K. H., Schindler, V. H., & Cook, C. E. (1982) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.86 · Cited by 144

Fetal disposition of ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) during late pregnancy in the rhesus monkey

Bailey, J. (1987) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/0041-008x(87)90338-3 · Cited by 143

Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol content on marijuana smoking behavior, subjective reports, and performance

Heishman, S. J., Stitzer, M. L., & Yingling, J. E. (1989) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90369-9 · Cited by 136

Determination of Δ1‐tetrahydrocannabinol in human fat biopsies from marihuana users by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Johansson, E., Norén, K., Sjövall, J., & Halldin, M. M. (1989) · Biomedical Chromatography · doi:10.1002/bmc.1130030109 · Cited by 136

The effect of orally and rectally administered delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on spasticity: a pilot study with 2 patients.

Brenneisen, R., Egli, A., ElSohly, M. A., Henn, V. S., & Spiess, Y. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 134

Intravenous Injection in Man of Δ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-OH-Δ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol

Perez‐Reyes, M., Timmons, M. C., Lipton, M. A., Davis, K. H., & Wall, M. E. (1972) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.177.4049.633 · Cited by 133

Urinary Excretion Profiles of 11-Nor-9-Carboxy- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Humans after Single Smoked Doses of Marijuana

Huestis, M. A., Mitchell, J. M., & Cone, E. J. (1996) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/20.6.441 · Cited by 132

On-site testing of saliva and sweat with Drugwipe and determination of concentrations of drugs of abuse in saliva, plasma and urine of suspected users

Samyn, N., & van Haeren, C. (2000) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s004140050287 · Cited by 132

Interactions ofΔ 11-tetrahydrocannabinol with cannabinol and cannabidiol following oral administration in man. Assay of cannabinol and cannabidiol by mass fragmentographywith cannabinol and cannabidiol following oral administration in man. Assay of cannabinol and cannabidiol by mass fragmentography

Agurell, S., Carlsson, S., Lindgren, J. E., Ohlsson, A., Gillespie, H., & Hollister, L. (1981) · Experientia · doi:10.1007/bf02085029 · Cited by 129

Tetrahydrocannabinol Stability in Whole Blood: Plastic Versus Glass Containers

Christophersen, A. S. (1986) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/10.4.129 · Cited by 129

11-Hydroxy-Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol: Pharmacology, Disposition, and Metabolism of a Major Metabolite of Marihuana in Man

Lemberger, L., Crabtree, R. E., & Rowe, H. (1972) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.177.4043.62 · Cited by 125

Plant cannabinoids: a neglected pharmacological treasure trove

Mechoulam, R. (2005) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706415 · Cited by 122

Single dose kinetics of deuterium labelled Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol in heavy and light cannabis users

Ohlsson, A., Lindgren, J., Wahlén, A., Agurell, S., Hollister, L. E., & Gillespie, H. K. (1982) · Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/bms.1200090103 · Cited by 120

Detection Times of Marijuana Metabolites in Urine by Immunoassay and GC-MS

Huestis, M. A., Mitchell, J. M., & Cone, E. J. (1995) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/19.6.443 · Cited by 118

Human skin permeation of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol

Stinchcomb, A. L., Valiveti, S., Hammell, D. C., & Ramsey, D. R. (2004) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1211/0022357022791 · Cited by 117

Cannabinoid concentrations in hair from documented cannabis users

Huestis, M. A., Gustafson, R. A., Moolchan, E. T., Barnes, A. J., Bourland, J. A., Sweeney, S. A., Hayes, E. F., Carpenter, P. M., & Smith, M. L. (2006) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.08.005 · Cited by 117

Marijuana smoking: effect of varying delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol content and number of puffs.

Azorlosa, J. L., Heishman, S. J., Stitzer, M. L., & Mahaffey, J. M. (1992) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)10949-x · Cited by 117

Forensic aspects of the metabolism and excretion of cannabinoids following oral ingestion of cannabis resin

Law, B., Mason, P. A., Moffat, A. C., Gleadle, R. I., & King, L. J. (1984) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1984.tb04376.x · Cited by 115

Cannabis is more than simply Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Russo, E. B., & McPartland, J. M. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1348-z · Cited by 112

Importance of creatinine analyses of urine when screening for abused drugs

Lafolie, P., Beck, O., Blennow, G., Boréus, L. O., Borg, S., Elwin, C., Karlsson, L., Odelius, G., & Hjemdahl, P. (1991) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/37.11.1927 · Cited by 110

Identification in human urine of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-11-oic acid glucuronide: a tetrahydrocannabinol metabolite

Williams, P. L., & Moffat, A. C. (1980) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb12966.x · Cited by 109

Human Placental Transfer of Cannabinoids

Blackard, C., & TENNES, K. H. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198409203111213 · Cited by 107

Detection of Cannabis in Oral Fluid (Saliva) and Forehead Wipes (Sweat) from Impaired Drivers

Kintz, P., Cirimele, V., & Ludes, B. (2000) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/24.7.557 · Cited by 102

Passive Cannabis Smoke Exposure and Oral Fluid Testing. II. Two Studies of Extreme Cannabis Smoke Exposure in a Motor Vehicle

Niedbala, R. S., Kardos, K. W., Fritch, D., Kunsman, K., Blum, K., Newland, G. A., Waga, J., Kurtz, L., Bronsgeest, M., & Cone, E. J. (2005) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/29.7.607 · Cited by 100

Pharmacology of orally administered Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol

Perez‐Reyes, M., Lipton, M. A., Timmons, M. C., Wall, M. E., Brine, D. R., & Davis, K. H. (1973) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt197314148 · Cited by 99

Metabolites of cannabidiol identified in human urine

Harvey, D. J., & Mechoulam, R. (1990) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.3109/00498259009046849 · Cited by 98

Human hepatic microsomal metabolism of delta 1-tetrahydrocannabinol.

Bornheim, L. M., Lasker, J. M., & Raucy, J. L. (1992) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1016/s0090-9556(25)08572-1 · Cited by 97

Cannabinoids in Humans. II. The Influence of Three Methods of Hydrolysis on the Concentration of THC and Two Metabolites in Urine

Kemp, P. M., Abukhalaf, I. K., Manno, J. E., Manno, B. R., Alford, D. D., McWilliams, M. E., Nixon, F. E., Fitz-Gerald, M. J., Reeves, R. R., & Wood, M. J. A. (1995) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/19.5.292 · Cited by 96

GC/MS and EMIT Analyses for Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Metabolites in Plasma and Urine of Human Subjects*

McBurney, L. J., Bobbie, B., & Sepp, L. A. (1986) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/10.2.56 · Cited by 94

Ethanol, Marijuana, and Other Drug Use in 600 Drivers Killed in Single-Vehicle Crashes in North Carolina, 1978–1981

Mason, A., & McBay, A. J. (1984) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1520/jfs11768j · Cited by 94

Cannabinoids in Humans. I. Analysis of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Six Metabolites in Plasma and Urine Using GC-MS

Kemp, P. M., Abukhalaf, I. K., Manno, J. E., Manno, B. R., Alford, D. D., & Abusada, G. A. (1995) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/19.5.285 · Cited by 93

THC Can Be Detected in Brain While Absent in Blood*

Mura, P., Kintz, P., Dumestre-Toulet, V., Raul, J., & Hauet, T. (2005) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/29.8.842 · Cited by 92

Validation of Large White Pig as an animal model for the study of cannabinoids metabolism: Application to the study of THC distribution in tissues

Brunet, B., Doucet, C., Venisse, N., Hauet, T., Hébrard, W., Papet, Y., Mauco, G., & Mura, P. (2006) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.04.018 · Cited by 90

Estimating the Time of Last Cannabis Use from Plasma Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-Carboxy-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentrations

Huestis, M. A., Barnes, A. J., & Smith, M. L. (2005) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2005.056838 · Cited by 89

Temporal Indication of Marijuana Use Can Be Estimated From Plasma and Urine Concentrations of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-Hydroxy- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11-Nor- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-Carboxylic Acid

Manno, J. E., Manno, B. R., Kemp, P. M., Alford, D. D., Abukhalaf, I. K., McWilliams, M. E., Hagaman, F. N., & Fitz-Gerald, M. J. (2001) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/25.7.538 · Cited by 85

Validated method for the simultaneous determination of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-hydroxy-THC and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC in human plasma using solid phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with positive chemical ionization

GUSTAFSON, R., Moolchan, E. T., Barnes, A. J., LEVINE, B. S., & HUESTIS, M. (2003) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.09.022 · Cited by 85

Characterization of Cytochrome P450 3A Inactivation by Cannabidiol: Possible Involvement of Cannabidiol-Hydroxyquinone as a P450 Inactivator

Bornheim, L. M., & Grillo, M. P. (1998) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx9800598 · Cited by 83

In Vivo Adulteration: Excess Fluid Ingestion Causes False-Negative Marijuana and Cocaine Urine Test Results

Cone, E. J., Lange, R., & Darwin, W. D. (1998) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/22.6.460 · Cited by 83

Incidence of alcohol and drugs in fatally injured car drivers in Norway

Gjerde, H., Beylich, K. M., & Mørland, J. G. (1993) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/0001-4575(93)90078-b · Cited by 81

Testing Human Hair for Cannabis. III. Rapid Screening Procedure for the Simultaneous Identification of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Cannabinol, and Cannabidiol

Cirimele, V., Sachs, H., Kintz, P., & Mangin, P. J. (1996) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/20.1.13 · Cited by 81

Determination of Cannabinoids in Water and Human Saliva by Solid-Phase Microextraction and Quadrupole Ion Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

Hall, B. J., Satterfield, M. B., Parikh, A. R., & Brodbelt, J. S. (1998) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac971228g · Cited by 80

Isolation and Characterization of Two Major Urinary Metabolites of Δ 1 -Tetrahydrocannabinol

BURSTEIN, S. H., Rosenfeld, J. J., & Wittstruck, T. A. (1972) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.176.4033.422 · Cited by 79

Prolonged apparent half-life of Δ1-tetrahydrocannabinol in plasma of chronic marijuana users

Johansson, E., Agurell, S., Hollister, L. E., & Halldin, M. M. (1988) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1988.tb05272.x · Cited by 78

THE PHARMACOLOGY OF MARIHUANA

Thomas, R., & CHESHER, G. B. (1973) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1973.tb128792.x · Cited by 76

An Evaluation of Rapid Point-of-Collection Oral Fluid Drug-Testing Devices

Walsh, J., Flegel, R. R., Crouch, D. J., Cangianelli, L., & Baudys, J. (2003) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/27.7.429 · Cited by 75

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