The ethical challenges of artificial intelligence‐driven digital pathology
Open accessAbstract
Digital pathology – the digitalisation of clinical histopathology services through the scanning and storage of pathology slides – has opened up new possibilities for health care in recent years, particularly in the opportunities it brings for artificial intelligence (AI)‐driven research. Recognising, however, that there is little scholarly debate on the ethics of digital pathology when used for AI research, this paper summarises what it sees as four key ethical issues to consider when deploying AI infrastructures in pathology, namely, privacy, choice, equity, and trust. The themes are inspired from the authors' experience grappling with the challenge of deploying an ethical digital pathology infrastructure to support AI research as part of the National Pathology Imaging Cooperative (NPIC), a collaborative of universities, hospital trusts, and industry partners largely located across the North of England. Though focusing on the UK case, internationally, few pathology departments have gone fully digital, and so the themes developed here offer a heuristic for ethical reflection for other departments currently making a similar transition or planning to do so in the future. We conclude by promoting the need for robust public governance mechanisms in AI‐driven digital pathology.
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AI offers brands unparalleled capabilities to amplify and personalize their narratives, but it also tests the fundamental tenets of branding - consistency, authenticity, trust.
“AI offers brands unparalleled capabilities to amplify and personalize their narratives, but it also tests the fundamental tenets of branding -consistency, authenticity, trust (Naveeenkumar et al., 2024;McKay et al., 2022;More & Unnikrishnan, 2024;Pattanayak, 2022).”
From Surveillance Capitalism, Consumer Subjectivity and Marketing in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (2025) · cites this paper as McKay et al., 2022
The Trust section (page unavailable) discusses how AI-driven digital pathology raises questions of public trust, including mistrust of commercial involvement. It does not address brands, personalized narratives, or branding principles such as consistency and authenticity; its discussion of trust is in a healthcare setting. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Self-citationTowards Responsible AI: Ethical Challenges and Solutions for a Sustainable World
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Sağlıkta Yapay Zekâ ve Etik Konular: Sistematik Bir İnceleme
Islıcık, S. (2026) · Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1835030 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Özer, E., Alchami, F., Gilal, N. U., & Boughorbel, S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45156-0.00006-6
- Authors
- McKay, F., Williams, B. J., Prestwich, G., Bansal, D., Hallowell, N., & Treanor, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Yorkshire & Humber Academic Health Science Network (GB)
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- McKay, Francis
- Venue
- The Journal of Pathology: Clinical Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-02-17
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 209-216
- ISSN
- 2056-4538 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8977272
- OpenAlex
- W4213180289
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 0.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Journal of Pathology Clinical Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- UK Research and Innovation (104687)
- Wellcome Trust (203132)
- Li Ka Shing Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in cancer detection
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Keywords
- digital pathology, artificial intelligence, AI ethics, privacy, informed consent, equity, trust
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Delivery of Health Care, Humans
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