Results of the Lynn Sage Second‐Opinion Program for local therapy in patients with breast carcinoma: Changes in management and determinants of where care is delivered
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The treatment options of breast conservation therapy (BCT) and immediate reconstruction for patients with carcinoma of the breast have not been adopted widely. The objectives of this study were to determine how often a second opinion on the local therapy of breast carcinoma changed patient management and to identify factors predictive of remaining at the second‐opinion site for therapy. METHODS: Two hundred thirty‐one patients with intraductal carcinoma or Stage I and II breast carcinoma were reviewed retrospectively. At the time of the second opinion, patients completed a questionnaire regarding their initial surgical opinion and the reason for seeking consultation. RESULTS: Only 46% of patients had a complete discussion of treatment options prior to the second opinion. The second opinion changed management in 54 patients (20.3%). The most common finding was eligibility for BCT in patients who were offered only mastectomy. Definitive local therapy occurred at the second‐opinion site in 65.8% of patients. The only predictors of remaining at the second‐opinion site were insurance type (P = 0.008) and the patient's perception that options were not discussed at the initial opinion (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Second opinions provide useful information to patients and may change the management of their disease. They result in significant patient capture for an institution. Cancer 2002;94:889–94. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10318
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
It is estimated that the error rate of cancer histopathology can be as high as 23%.
“This is important, as it is estimated that the error rate of cancer histopathology can be as high as 23% (20–23).”
From Radiomics: Images Are More than Pictures, They Are Data (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
Cites
PASSIVE IMMUNITY AGAINST CHILDHOOD CANCER
Lowry, W. S. (1974) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90736-3 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Factors Predicting the Use of Breast-Conserving Therapy in Stage I and II Breast Carcinoma
Morrow, M., White, J. R., Moughan, J., Owen, J. B., Pajack, T., Sylvester, J. L., Wilson, J. F., & Winchester, D. P. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2001.19.8.2254 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Self-citationMorrow, M., Scott, S. K., Menck, H. R., Mustoe, T. A., & Winchester, D. P. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/s1072-7515(00)00747-x · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationCancer Prevalence and Survivorship Issues: Analyses of the 1992 National Health Interview Survey
Hewitt, M. E., Breen, N., & Devesa, S. S. (1999) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/91.17.1480 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Standards for breast-conservation treatment
Winchester, D. P., & Cox, J. D. (1992) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.42.3.134 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Why Do Patients Seek a Second Opinion or Alternative Medicine?
Sutherland, L. R., & Verhoef, M. J. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/00004836-199410000-00004 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Morrow, M., Bucci, C., & PhD, A. R. (1998) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/s1072-7515(97)00153-1 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationTarbox, B. B., Rockwood, J. K., & Abernathy, C. M. (1992) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(05)81172-9 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Foster, R., Farwell, M. E., & Costanza, M. C. (1995) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1007/bf02307035 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Results of a Second-Opinion Program for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Graboys, T. B. (1987) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03400120061025 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Wagner, T. H., & Wagner, L. S. (1999) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.18.5.137 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The Efficacy of Second-Opinion Consultation Programs: A Cost???Benefit Perspective
Ruchlin, H. S., Finkel, M. L., & McCarthy, E. G. (1982) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-198201000-00002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kotwall, C. A., Maxwell, J. G., Covington, D. L., Churchill, P., Smith, S. E., & Covan, E. K. (1996) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1007/bf02305797 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Patients Who Seek A Second Opinion
Sutherland, L. R., & Verhoef, M. J. (1989) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/00004836-198906000-00013 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Impact of a Mandatory Second-Opinion Program on Medicaid Surgery Rates
Martin, S. G., Shwartz, M., Whalen, B. J., D'Arpa, D. G., Ljung, G. M., Thorne, J. H., & McKusick, A. E. (1982) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-198201000-00003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Rutkow, I. M. (1982) · Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1001/archsurg.1982.01380270055012 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
SECOND OPINIONS ON ELECTIVE SURGERY
Mccarthy, E., Finkel, M. L., & Ruchlin, H. S. (1981) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(81)92527-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kansas surgeons' attitudes toward immediate breast reconstruction: A statewide survey
Paulson, R. L., Chang, F. C., & Helmer, S. D. (1994) · The American Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(05)80119-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Second Surgical Opinion Programs: Dead or Alive?
McSherry, C. K., Chen, P., Worner, T. M., KUPFERSTEIN, N. H., & McCarthy, E. G. (1997) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/s1072-7515(01)00956-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
An analysis of nonconfirmation rates. Experiences of a surgical second opinion program
Paris, M.-S. (1979) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.242.22.2424 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Effect of a Second Opinion Program on Hysterectomy Performance
Finkel, M. L., & Finkel, D. J. (1990) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199009000-00007 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Watts, C. A., Jackson, M. N., & LoGerfo, J. P. (1979) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-197904000-00011 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Second opinion programs: continued savings from nonconfirmed surgeries.
Chu, A., Lavoie, & McCarthy, E. G. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Results of a second-opinion program for coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Graboys, T. B. (1987) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.258.12.1611 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The divergent second opinion: eventual outcome of physician-changing.
Reiter, D. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Berenson (2001) · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20010401)91:7
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Radiomics: Images Are More than Pictures, They Are Data
Gillies, R. J., Kinahan, P. E., & Hricak, H. (2016) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2015151169 · Cited by 8,421 · see citing works
Effect of a Decision Aid on Knowledge and Treatment Decision Making for Breast Cancer Surgery
Whelan, T. J., Levine, M. N., Willan, A. R., Gafni, A., Sanders, K., Mirsky, D., Chambers, S., O’Brien, M. A., Reid, S. E., & Dubois, S. J. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.4.435 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
The requirements of a specialist breast centre
Biganzoli, L., Cardoso, F., Beishon, M., Cameron, D., Cataliotti, L., Coles, C. E., Bolton, R. C. D., Trill, M. D., Erdem, S., Fjell, M., et al. (2020) · The Breast · doi:10.1016/j.breast.2020.02.003 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Patient-Driven Second Opinions in Oncology: A Systematic Review
Hillen, M. A., Medendorp, N. M., Daams, J. G., & Smets, E. M. A. (2017) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2016-0429 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Uncertainty, responsibility, and the evolution of the physician/patient relationship
Henry, M. S. (2006) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme.2005.013987 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The progress of multimodal imaging combination and subregion based radiomics research of cancers
Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Peng, Z., Weng, Y., Fang, Z., Xiao, F., Zhang, C., Fan, Z., Huang, K., Zhu, Y., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.71046 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
I am a good patient, believe it or not
Jadad, A. R., Rizo, C. A., & Enkin, M. W. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7402.1293 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ruetters, D., Keinki, C., Schroth, S., Liebl, P., & Hübner, J. (2015) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-015-2099-7 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Rational Local Therapy for Breast Cancer
Morrow, M. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme020112 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citation(2007) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.02.057 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Current Advances and Challenges in Radiomics of Brain Tumors
Yi, Z., Long, L., Zeng, Y., & Liu, Z.-X. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.732196 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Computer-Based Learning Module Increases Shared Decision Making in Breast Reconstruction
Lee, B. T., Chen, C., Yueh, J. H., Nguyen, M.-D. T., Lin, S. J., & Tobias, A. M. (2009) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-009-0869-7 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Greenfield, G., Shmueli, L., Harvey, A., Yamamoto, H., Davidovitch, N., Pliskin, J. S., Rawaf, S., Majeed, A., & Hayhoe, B. W. J. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044033 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Seeking a second medical opinion: composition, reasons and perceived outcomes in Israel
Shmueli, L., Davidovitch, N., Pliskin, J. S., Balicer, R. D., Hekselman, I., & Greenfield, G. (2017) · Israel Journal of Health Policy Research · doi:10.1186/s13584-017-0191-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Factors that influence surgical choices in women with breast carcinoma
Staradub, V. L., Hsieh, Y., Clauson, J., Langerman, A. J., RADEMAKER, A. W., & Morrow, M. (2002) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.10824 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluation of Diagnostic Assessment Units in Oncology: A Systematic Review
Gagliardi, A. R., Grunfeld, E., & Evans, W. K. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2004.06.057 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Cecon, N., Hillen, M. A., Pfaff, H., Dresen, A., & Groß, S. E. (2018) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2018.12.017 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Shmueli, L., Shmueli, E., Pliskin, J. S., Balicer, R. D., Davidovitch, N., Hekselman, I., & Greenfield, G. (2016) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000567 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Radiological Diagnosis and Characterization of HCC
Violi, N. V., Lewis, S. C., Hectors, S. J. C. G., Said, D., & Taouli, B. A. (2019) · Molecular and translational medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-21540-8_4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Values and risks of second opinion in J apan's universal health‐care system
Okamoto, S., Kawahara, K., Okawa, A., & Tanaka, Y. (2013) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12055 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Robinson, J. D., Venetis, M. K., Street, R. L., & Kearney, T. J. (2016) · Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1002/jso.24470 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Conflicts in Decision-Making for Breast Cancer Surgery
Opatt, D., Morrow, M., Hawley, S. T., Schwartz, K., Janz, N. K., & Katz, S. J. (2007) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-007-9431-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationThe quality of patient‐centred care: haematological cancer survivors' perceptions
Tzelepis, F., Sanson‐Fisher, R., Hall, A. E., Carey, M. L., Paul, C. L., & Clinton‐McHarg, T. (2014) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3728 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Outcomes of second opinions in general internal medicine
Burger, P. M., Westerink, J., & Vrijsen, B. E. L. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236048 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shmueli, L., Shmueli, E., Pliskin, J. S., Balicer, R. D., Davidovitch, N., Hekselman, I., & Greenfield, G. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025673 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Prognostic Implications of Treatment Delays in the Surgical Resection of Lung Cancer
Evans, W. K. (2013) · Thoracic surgery clinics/Thorac. surg. clin. · doi:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2013.01.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Shmueli, L., Davidovitch, N., Pliskin, J. S., Hekselman, I., Balicer, R. D., & Greenfield, G. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-4067-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Why Most Women With Breast Cancer Still Undergo Mastectomy
Masood, S. (2003) · The Breast Journal · doi:10.1046/j.1524-4741.2003.09201.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Richardson, M. L., Amini, B., & Kinahan, P. E. (2022) · Radiologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2021.11.011 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Characteristics of Patients Seeking Second Opinions at a Multidisciplinary Colorectal Cancer Clinic
Roo, A. C. D., Morris, A. M., Vu, J. V.-T., Schuman, A. D., Abbott, K. L., Kandagatla, P., Hardiman, K. M., & Hendren, S. K. (2020) · Diseases of the Colon & Rectum · doi:10.1097/dcr.0000000000001647 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploration of Patient Retention in Seeking a Second Opinion: A Retrospective Cohort Study
McCranie, A. S., Lee, A. D., Leonard, L., Vemuru, S. R., Huynh, V. D., D’Angelo, J. D., D’Angelo, A.-L. D., Ahrendt, G. M., Kaoutzanis, C., Fisher, C. M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2024.04.025 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Second Opinions in Breast Cancer Surgery: What Have We Learned?
Beer, M., Allison, H. R., Fisher, C. S., & Fan, B. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.30180 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Berger, U., Beckenbauer, U. E., Rimkus, C., Bader, F. G., Seufferlein, T. T. W., & Maar, C. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie · doi:10.1055/a-1157-9787 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lux, M. P., Wasner, S., Meyer, J., Häberle, L., Hack, C. C., Jud, S. M., Hein, A., Wunderle, M., Emons, J., Gaß, P., et al. (2020) · Breast Care · doi:10.1159/000509127 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Breast conserving therapy: Who and why?
Morrow, M. (2003) · Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1002/jso.10301 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationUtilization of second medical opinions as a function of the payment method
Shmueli, L., & Horev, T. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12300-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Curtis, K. K., & Northfelt, D. (2007) · Community Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1548-5315(11)70075-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Henteleff, H., McCready, D. R., & Giuliano, A. E. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 1 · see citing works
El derecho a una segunda opinión. Ventajas, barreras y recomendaciones para su ejercicio responsable
Mira, J. J., Pérez‐Jover, V., Salvador, I. B., García, A., Tomás, O., & Marín, J. R. (2006) · Revista de Calidad Asistencial · doi:10.1016/s1134-282x(06)70767-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Regina, C., García-Viniegras, V., Blanco, M. G., Llaneza, F. M. G., Alexis, H., Ronquillo, C., Jo, A. H. S., & Cintero, M. J. (2010)
Current Status Concerning the Retention of a Second Opinion in Patients with Thoracic Malignancies
Higashiyama, R. I., Yoshida, T., Shirasawa, M., Arakawa, S., Shinno, Y., Okuma, Y., Goto, Y., Horinouchi, H., Yamamoto, N., & Ohe, Y. (2021) · Haigan · doi:10.2482/haigan.61.939
Breast Conservation Therapy for Invasive Breast Cancer
Krontiras, H., Santos, J. F. D. L., & Bland, K. I. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5221-0.00047-4
Tang, H., Xie, Y., Li, Q., Zhou, Y., Zhao, X., Zheng, Y., Liu, L., Li, Y. Q., Huang, Y., & Mao, Y. (2026) · Abdominal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00261-026-05456-7
- Authors
- Clauson, J., Hsieh, Y. C., Acharya, S., Rademaker, A. W., & Morrow, M.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morrow, Monica
- Venue
- Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-02-15
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 889-894
- ISSN
- 0008-543X (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0142
- OpenAlex
- W1572056027
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA089018)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Breast Lesions and Carcinomas
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Patient-Provider Communication in Healthcare
- Keywords
- second opinion, breast cancer, breast-conserving therapy, breast reconstruction, local therapy, intraductal carcinoma, mastectomy, patient satisfaction, insurance type, patient retention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Breast Neoplasms, Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Patient Care Planning, Patient Education as Topic, Referral and Consultation, Retrospective Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review