The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 46 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Sociodemographic determinants of cancer treatment health literacy
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Ethnic and racial disparities in cancer outcomes are often attributed to sociodemographic factors, including income, education, insurance status, and access to quality cancer care. Less attention has been directed toward other possible contributors, such as misconceptions about cancer and its treatment. METHODS: Nine hundred fifty‐seven U.S. adults who reported that they had never been diagnosed with cancer were identified and surveyed using a random digit dialing telephone survey. Sociodemographic associations with endorsement of five misconceptions about cancer treatment were evaluated by weighted logistic regression. RESULTS: The most prevalent misconception, “Treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body,” was endorsed as true by 41% of the respondents. The second most prevalent misconception, “The medical industry is withholding a cure for cancer from the public in order to increase profits, ” was identified as true by 27%. The statement, “Pain medications are ineffective against cancer pain, ” was accurately rejected by 68% of the respondents, and 89% of the respondents correctly disagreed with the statement, “All you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment. ” Eighty‐seven percent of the respondents were able to identify the statement, “Cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated,” as false. Respondents who were older, nonwhite, Southern, or indicated being less informed about cancer endorsed the most misconceptions. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of at least three of the five cancer misconceptions was unacceptably high, and varied by several sociodemographic factors. These beliefs may increase the risk for cancer morbidity and mortality because of poor adherence to treatment regimens. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
A national random-digit-dial telephone survey of 957 U.S. adults without a cancer history found that misconceptions about cancer treatment were common, especially that surgery can cause cancer to spread and that the medical industry withholds a cure. Older, nonwhite, Southern, and less self-rated informed respondents endorsed more misconceptions.
Key findings
- The most prevalent misconception was “Treating cancer with surgery can cause it to spread throughout the body”: 40.8% said true, 12.9% did not know, and only 46.3% correctly said not true.
- “There is currently a cure for cancer but the medical industry won’t tell the public because they make too much money treating cancer patients” was endorsed as true by 27.3%, with 14.3% unsure and 58.5% correctly rejecting it.
- For the other statements: “Pain medications are not effective…” was true for 19.0%, unsure for 13.2%, and correctly rejected by 67.8%; “All you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment” was true for 6.6%, unsure for 4.5%, and correctly rejected by 89.0%; “Cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated” was true for 7.0%, unsure for 5.7%, and correctly rejected by 87.3%.
- The mean combined misconception score was 1.3 overall; higher education and income were associated with more accurate responses, whereas respondents who were nonwhite, aged ≥65 years, Southern residents, and those reporting being not very or not at all informed about cancer had the highest misconception scores.
Methods
- A random digit dialing telephone survey was conducted November 4–17, 2002 by the American Cancer Society, Prevention magazine, and the Discovery Health channel; of 1002 completers, 45 with a prior cancer diagnosis were removed, leaving 957 U.S. adults with no cancer history.
- The survey assessed five cancer treatment misconception statements with response categories True, False, or Don’t Know; the sample was weighted to national parameters for gender, age, education, race, Hispanic origin, and U.S. census region.
- Weighted logistic regression evaluated associations between each misconception and sociodemographic characteristics, and univariate and multivariate linear regressions assessed a combined misconception score ranging from 0 to 5; all confidence intervals and P values were adjusted by a design effect of 1.10.
Limitations
- The paper states that the cross-sectional design and self-reporting of data are potential limitations.
- The text makes evident that the overall response rate was 35%, based on a 75% contact rate, 50% cooperation rate, and 94% survey completion rate, and that the survey was limited to continental U.S. telephone households.
- The analyses rely on self-rated cancer knowledge and cannot establish causality between sociodemographic factors and misconceptions.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 46 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as were people of other race/ethnicity and people who reported being not at all informed about cancer.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one-fourth of the respondents did not believe in any of the five cancer treatment misconceptions.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“People with at least some college education and those in higher income brackets were most likely to say that the statement that surgery could spread cancer was not true”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean misconception score (1.3 overall) differed by most sociodemographic characteristics”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost 41% of the participants believed this statement to be true and an additional 13% indicated that they did not know.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few people (7%) believed the second misconception statement (All you need to beat cancer is a positive attitude, not treatment) and 5% responded that they did not know.The majority (89%) of participants identified this statement as false”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More than one-fourth (27%) of the people in this survey agreed with this statement, 14% indicated that were not sure, and 59% correctly believed this statement to be false”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with higher education and income levels being associated with more accurate responses.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nineteen percent of participants endorsed the first misconception statement (Pain medications are not effective in reducing the amount of pain people have from cancer) whereas 13% indicated that they did not know and 68% identified this statement as false”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with people who graduated from high school, people with less than a high school education were more likely to agree with this statement”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- Probably not a substantial claim. 33
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most people (87%) correctly disagreed with the fifth misconception statement (Cancer is something that cannot be effectively treated), but a modest percentage (7%) indicated that they believed this statement was true and an additional 6% reported that they did not know”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents who were older, nonwhite, Southern, or indicated being less informed about cancer endorsed the most misconceptions.”
- Also stated in: § Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions · plain
“people who were nonwhite, Ն 65 years, residents of the South, and those who reported being not very or not at all informed about cancer had the highest misconception scores”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Endorsement of Cancer Misconceptions · plain
In the paper
“1 study found that African Americans were approximately twice as likely as whites (61% vs. 29%) to believe that resection of lung carcinoma caused spread of disease”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 1002 respondents, 45 reported having had a previous cancer diagnosis.As it might be expected that individuals with a history of cancer would have different knowledge and attitudes about cancer treatment compared with the general population, these individuals were removed from subsequent analyses.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Procedures
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Members of certain racial and ethnic minority populations, individuals with less education, and the elderly are more likely than the general population to have a more fatalistic view of cancer and, consequently, to be less likely to take advantage of health care opportunities.9 -13”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [10]
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- Not matchedcites [11]
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- Not matchedcites [12]
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- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These beliefs may increase the risk for cancer morbidity and mortality because of poor adherence to treatment regimens.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Misconceptions about cancer treatment lead to poor adherence to treatment regimens, which increases cancer morbidity and mortality.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The unweighted and weighted distributions for gender, race/ethnicity, and age differed by no more than 2% in any category.For census region, the greatest difference was 2.5%.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 957Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To compensate for loss in statistical efficiency resulting from departures from simple random sampling, we used a design effect (ϭ1.10) to adjust tests of statistical significance.15”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Procedures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 957Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“and, for this reason, were more likely than whites to express concerns about undergoing surgery recommended by their physician.14”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“This systematic respondent selection technique has been shown to produce samples that mirror closely the population in terms of age and gender.15”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Procedures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [15]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of at least three of the five cancer misconceptions was unacceptably high, and varied by several sociodemographic factors.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“a growing body of research has documented persistent racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic disparities in cancer incidence rates, stage distributions, survival rates, and mortality rates.2,3”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [3]
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Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To ensure the quality of the data, the questionnaire was pretested with a small group of respondents.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Survey Design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall response rate of 35% was calculated as the product of 3 components: the contact rate (75%), the cooperation rate (50%), and the survey completion rate (94%).”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 1,002Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample was designed to represent the continental U.S. adult population in telephone households and was drawn using standard list-assisted random digit dialing methodology.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Procedures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As noted in the 2003 Institute of Medicine report, 4 social inequities can influence the interactions between patients and health care providers, and cultural factors can influence health behaviors, beliefs about health and illness, and approaches to medical care.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“nearly all have undergone a biopsy before definitive surgical, medical, or radiation therapy.29,30”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [30]
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Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results indicate that public and patient education interventions are most urgently needed in cancer centers, medical practices, and other community organizations that serve large numbers of patients with these at-risk demographic characteristics.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Cancer awareness is increasing because of the abundance of information available from media, health professionals, and personal support systems.
- Rests on an assumption: The accuracy of information about cancer varies widely from source to source.
- Rests on an assumption: Even correct information can lead to faulty impressions due to misunderstandings in delivery.
In the paper
“82.5% of survivors of ovarian carcinoma attributed their lack of cancer recurrence to a positive attitude, ranking it first among a host of other possible factors.25”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“In general, these studies also have found that the likelihood of believing such fatalistic statements is higher among racial/ethnic minorities, those with less education, those of lower income, and older individuals.12,38”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
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- Not matchedcites [38]
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Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“and that the prevalence of cancer pain increases to three-fourths of patients who have advanced cancer.16”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is little evidence to support this misconception.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Investigators would not remain silent about a secret cure because publishing research results is in their personal self-interest.
- Rests on an assumption: Progress in clinical oncology has been somewhat slower than breakthroughs in preventing and treating infectious diseases.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Cancer fatalism has been shown to be a barrier to participation in cancer screening, detection, and treatment.[35][36][37]”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [35]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [36]
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- Not matchedcites [37]
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Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These individuals might be less likely to adhere to treatment regimens and more likely to resort to less efficacious alternative therapies.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Approximately 75% of patients with cancer undergo a major surgical procedure as a part of their treatment, and nearly all have undergone a biopsy before definitive surgical, medical, or radiation therapy.29,30”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [30]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Previous research has shown that approximately one-fourth of people recently diagnosed with cancer experience pain”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In previous studies, 60% of survivors of breast carcinoma surveyed believed that a positive attitude could prevent a recurrence of their disease 24”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [24]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Fortunately, optimally prescribed medications and other treatment modalities are successful in controlling pain in Ͼ 80% of patients.17,18”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because it is not known whether patients who recognize their limited cancer literacy will ask questions of their providers or seek information from sources such as the ACS or the National Cancer Institute, educational interventions are needed to reduce cancer misconceptions.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cancer awareness is increasing because of the abundance of information available from media, health professionals, and personal support systems.
- Rests on an assumption: The accuracy of information about cancer varies widely from source to source.
- Rests on an assumption: Even correct information can lead to faulty impressions due to misunderstandings in delivery.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that cancer knowledge and literacy may influence secondary prevention, care-seeking behavior, and participation in treatment decisionmaking among those diagnosed.39,40”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [39]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [40]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of misinformation among those rating their cancer literacy as very informed, somewhat informed, or not very informed suggests the need to provide educational in-formation for all people, not just those diagnosed with cancer.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Cancer awareness is increasing because of the abundance of information available from media, health professionals, and personal support systems.
- Rests on an assumption: The accuracy of information about cancer varies widely from source to source.
- Rests on an assumption: Even correct information can lead to faulty impressions due to misunderstandings in delivery.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, information that exaggerates risk, is baseless, or does not have an actionable message may generate unnecessary anxiety.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the cross-sectional design and self-reporting of data are potential limitations in the current study”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Certain surgical procedures have been shown to increase the risk of local spread of some cancers, such as ovarian and testicular cancers.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Chalmers et al. 42 found that people who were able to meet adequately their information, support, and communication needs appeared to have more reasonable perceptions of their risk of cancer, practiced more preventive self-care, and had a better adjustment to the risk of cancer.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [42]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regardless of its impact on cancer survival or recurrence, a positive attitude is likely still desirable for patients with cancer and survivors of cancer, as it might lead to improved treatment adherence as well as healthier lifestyle behaviors, such as increased physical activity, improved dietary patterns, and a reduction in tobacco use.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results support the importance of patient education about pain control, so that all people living with cancer understand that pain is controllable and are aware of the medical options for relieving their pain.”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Surgery is a highly effective treatment for localized cancer and an important part of multimodal therapy for many advanced-stage cancers.29”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“What is becoming more clear through research is that the information that we provide must clearly state the risks and benefits of treatment and be structured in a format that facilitates appropriate decisions.43,44”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [43]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [44]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“It also has been shown that knowledge about cancer, risk factors, and cancer treatment can serve to give patients with cancer a sense of control.41”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [41]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“However, surgical oncologists are aware of these issues and plan surgical therapy of these diseases to minimize this risk.29,31,32”
§ Sociodemographic Determinants of Cancer Treatment Health Literacy > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [29]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [31]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [32]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Both True and Don't Know responses indicate low health literacy.
“In addition, because both True and Don't Know responses indicate low health literacy, we combined these responses for logistic regression analyses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Misconceptions about cancer treatment lead to poor adherence to treatment regimens, which increases cancer morbidity and mortality.
“These beliefs may increase the risk for cancer morbidity and mortality because of poor adherence to treatment regimens.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Less attention has been directed toward misconceptions about cancer and its treatment as possible contributors to cancer disparities.
“Less attention has been directed toward other possible contributors, such as misconceptions about cancer and its treatment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cancer awareness is increasing because of the abundance of information available from media, health professionals, and personal support systems.
“Because of the abundance of information available from media, health professionals, and personal support systems, cancer awareness is increasing.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The accuracy of information about cancer varies widely from source to source.
“However, the accuracy of the information about cancer varies widely from source to source”
The paper relies on this without support.
Even correct information can lead to faulty impressions due to misunderstandings in delivery.
“even if the information given is correct, misunderstandings in the delivery may lead to faulty impressions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Investigators would not remain silent about a secret cure because publishing research results is in their personal self-interest.
“even though prompt publication of research results is clearly in the personal self-interest of investigators.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Progress in clinical oncology has been somewhat slower than breakthroughs in preventing and treating infectious diseases.
“Progress in clinical oncology has been somewhat slower, in comparison to the breakthroughs during the past century in preventing and treating infectious diseases.”
Citations
Cites
Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care
(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5843 · Cited by 7,043
Capps, L. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.18.2487-b · Cited by 4,558
Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion
Committee on Health Literacy, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, & Institute of Medicine (2004) · doi:10.17226/10883 · Cited by 3,444
Rubin, M., & Stephen, C. D. (1993) · Cited by 3,149
Cancer Disparities by Race/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status
Ward, E., Jemal, A., Cokkinides, V. E., Singh, G. K., Cardinez, C. J., Ghafoor, A., & Thun, M. J. (2004) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.2.78 · Cited by 1,796
Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care.
Gamble, V. N. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.11.1773 · Cited by 1,263
Management of Pain in Elderly Patients With Cancer
Bernabei, R. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.23.1877 · Cited by 1,161
Jemal, A., Clegg, L. X., Ward, E., Ries, L. A. G., Wu, X., Jamison, P. M., Wingo, P. A., Howe, H. L., Anderson, R. N., & Edwards, B. K. (2004) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.20288 · Cited by 1,141
Consequences of reducing nonresponse in a national telephone survey.
Keeter, S., Miller, C., Kohut, A., Groves, R., & Presser, S. (2000) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1086/317759 · Cited by 1,063
Zech, D. F. J., Grond, S., Lynch, J., Hertel, D., & Lehmann, K. A. (1995) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(95)00017-m · Cited by 1,013
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Raber MN, 2003, Cancer medicine, 1187
- Berek JS, 2003, Cancer medicine, 1831
- Hanna N, 2003, Cancer medicine, 1747
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–110 of 110
CONCEPÇÕES SOBRE O CÂNCER NA CIDADE DE ARAXÁ-MG
Barbosa, D. D., & França-Botelho, A. D. C. (2011) · Saúde & Ambiente em Revista
Computational methods for mining health communications in web 2.0
Bhattacharya, S. (2014) · doi:10.17077/etd.fc7zw01r
Denberg, T. D. (2005) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · doi:10.21236/ada451338
Lung cancer screening participation : attitudinal, socioeconomic and smoking-related factors
Quaife, S. L. (2016) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Gansler, T. S., Stein, K., & Henley, S. J. (2005) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.21688
Self-citationChen, Q., Moore, J., Noel, L., von Sternberg, K. L., & Jones, B. L. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2094195/v1
Elshami, M., Ismail, I. O., Alser, M., Al‐Slaibi, I., Ghithan, R. J., Usrof, F. D., Qawasmi, M. A. M., Okshiya, H. M., Shurrab, N. R. S., Mahfouz, I. I., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24669821
Dixon, A. L., Cernicchiaro, N., Grimes, E., Hocker, S. E., Higginbotham, M. L., & Wouda, R. M. (2026) · Veterinary oncology. · doi:10.1186/s44356-026-00072-5
Wouda, R. M., Grimes, E., Dixon, A. L., Hocker, S. E., Higginbotham, M. L., & Cernicchiaro, N. (2026) · Veterinary oncology. · doi:10.1186/s44356-026-00073-4
Metadata
- Authors
- Gansler, T., Henley, S. J., Stein, K., Nehl, E. J., Smigal, C., & Slaughter, E.
- Affiliations
- American Cancer Society (US)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gansler, Ted
- Venue
- Cancer
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-06-27
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 653-660
- ISSN
- 0008-543X (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0142
- OpenAlex
- W2035937250
- Semantic Scholar
- 02a7ab7344e54fd7b5a6a4238dcbe3057d314752
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 14.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Cancer Society
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Literacy and Information Accessibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Patient-Provider Communication in Healthcare
- Keywords
- cancer misconceptions, sociodemographic disparities, racial and ethnic disparities, cancer pain, medication adherence, cancer prevention knowledge
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Attitude to Health, Data Collection, Educational Status, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Surveys and Questionnaires, Black People, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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