Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care.

Gamble, V N

doi:10.2105/ajph.87.11.1773

Cited by 1,263Race, Genetics, and SocietyMedical History and ResearchEthics and bioethics in healthcare

Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care.

Open access

Gamble, V N·1997·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.87.11.1773PMC PMC1381160

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study continues to cast its long shadow on the contemporary relationship between African Americans and the biomedical community. Numerous reports have argued that the Tuskegee Syphilis Study is the most important reason why many African Americans distrust the institutions of medicine and public health. Such an interpretation neglects a critical historical point: the mistrust predated public revelations about the Tuskegee study. This paper places the syphilis study within a broader historical and social context to demonstrate that several factors have influenced--and continue to influence--African American's attitudes toward the biomedical community.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2105/ajph.87.11.1773

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Informed mistrust refers to the skepticism protected groups may have toward AI owing to historical exploitation and unethical practices in healthcare, and this mistrust may lead these patients to avoid care or intentionally conceal information from clinicians or systems using AI.
“Informed mistrust refers to the skepticism protected groups may have toward AI owing to historical exploitation and unethical practices in healthcare [84, 85]. This mistrust may lead these patients to avoid care or intentionally conceal information from clinicians or systems using AI.”
From Fairness of artificial intelligence in healthcare: review and recommendations (2024) · cites this paper as [84]
Throughout history, Black individuals have been exploited in medical research without consent, most infamously in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
“Throughout history, Black individuals have been exploited in medical research without consent, most infamously in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study [ 94 – 96 ].”
From A review of the impact of structural racism on lived experiences of adolescents of African descent: Implications for development, brain structure, and health (2026) · cites this paper as [96]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 1932 to 1972: implications for HIV education and AIDS risk education programs in the black community.
Thomas, S. B., & Quinn, S. C. (1991) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.81.11.1498 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
Recruiting Minorities Into Clinical Trials Toward a Participant-Friendly System
Swanson, G. M., & Ward, A. J. (1995) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/87.23.1747 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Racial Differences in the Use of Invasive Cardiovascular Procedures in the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical System
Whittle, J., Conigliaro, J. C., Good, C. B., & Lofgren, R. P. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199308263290907 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Racial Inequalities in the Use of Procedures for Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease in Massachusetts
Wenneker, M. B. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420020107039 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Access to Medical Care for Black and White Americans
Blendon, R. J. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420020132045 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
A Legacy of Distrust: African Americans and Medical Research
Gamble, V. N. (1993) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30664-0 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Self-citation
Racial Differences in the Use of Drug Therapy for HIV Disease in an Urban Community
Moore, R. D., Stanton, D. L., Gopalan, R., & Chaisson, R. E. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199403173301107 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Racial variation in cardiac procedure use and survival following acute myocardial infarction in the Department of Veterans Affairs
Peterson, E. D. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.271.15.1175 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
American Slavery as It is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses
Weld, T. D. (2019) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Racial Variation in Cardiac Procedure Use and Survival Following Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Department of Veterans Affairs
Peterson, E. D. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03510390045028 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
The Use of Blacks for Medical Experimentation and Demonstration in the Old South
Savitt, T. L. (1982) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/2207450 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Racial and Community Factors Influencing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Rates for All 1986 Medicare Patients
Goldberg, K. C. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480110049032 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Racial disparities in reported prenatal care advice from health care providers.
Kogan, M. D., Kotelchuck, M., Alexander, G. R., & Johnson, W. E. (1994) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.84.1.82 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Black-White Disparities in Health Care
(1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440170066038 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Access to medical care for black and white Americans. A matter of continuing concern
Blendon, R. J. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.261.2.278 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Theories Explaining Racial Differences in the Utilization of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures for Cerebrovascular Disease
Horner, R. D., Oddone, E. Ž., & Matchar, D. B. (1995) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3350374 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Dissection and discrimination: the social origins of cadavers in America, 1760-1915.
Dc, H. (1973) · PubMed · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Night Riders in Black Folk History.
Franklin, J. L., & Fry, G.-M. (1975) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/2205604 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Heart Disease in Black and White
Ayanian, J. Z. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199308263290912 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
I Heard It through the Grapevine: Rumor in African-American Culture.
Hickey, D., & Turner, P. A. (1994) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2168527 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
For Whose Benefit? Politics and Sickle Cell
Wilkinson, D. Y. (1974) · The Black Scholar · doi:10.1080/00064246.1974.11431415 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Birth control and the black American: A matter of genocide?
Weisbord, R. G. (1973) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2060884 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Retrospect of Western Travel
Martineau, H. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511734366 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
An old experiment's legacy: distrust of AIDS treatment.
Richardson, L. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Black Power in the 1920s: The Case of Tuskegee Veterans Hospital
Daniel, P. (1970) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/2206200 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Annotation: racism resurgent--building a bridge to the 19th century.
Geiger, H. J. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.11.1765-a · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zidovudine Does It Work for Everyone?
Smith, M. D. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03470190098037 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
White, R. M., & Reverby, S. M. (2002) · The Hastings Center Report · doi:10.2307/3528121 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A geographic information systems application for disease surveillance.
Devasundaram, J., Rohn, D. D., Dwyer, D. M., & Israel, E. (1998) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.88.9.1406-a · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Civil Rights Activities of Three Great Negro Physicians (1840-1940).
Link, E. P. (1967) · The Journal of Negro History · doi:10.2307/2716112 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Doctor Thomas Hamilton: Two Views of a Gentleman of the Old South
Boney, F. N. (1967) · Phylon (1960-) · doi:10.2307/273667 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zidovudine. Does it work for everyone?
Smith, M. D. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.266.19.2750 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Concerning Negro Sorcery in the United States
(1890) · Journal of American Folklore · doi:10.2307/534066 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 5

Research," American Journal of Preventive Medicine 9 (1993): 35-38;
A detailed examination of the campaign to establish Black hospitals can be found in Vanessa Northington Gamble, Making a Place for Ourselves: The Black Hospital Movement, 1920-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
H. M. Green, A More or Less Critical Review of the Hospital Situation among Negroes in the United States (n.d., circa 1930), 4-5.
Frances Cress Welsing, The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors (Chicago: Third World Press, 1991), 298-299. Although she is not very well known outside of the African- American community, Welsing, a physician, is a popular figure within it. The Isis Papers headed for several weeks the best-seller list maintained by Black bookstores.
"Fear Creates Lack of Donor Organs among Blacks," Weekend Edition, National Public Radio, 13 March 1994.

Sorted by citations

Challenges in ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines: production, affordability, allocation, and deployment
Wouters, O. J., Shadlen, K. C., Salcher‐Konrad, M., Pollard, A. J., Larson, H. J., Teerawattananon, Y., & Jit, M. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00306-8 · Cited by 1,291 · see citing works
Photovoice: A Review of the Literature in Health and Public Health
Catalani, C., & Minkler, M. (2009) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198109342084 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
More than Tuskegee: Understanding Mistrust about Research Participation
Scharff, D. P., Mathews, K. J., Jackson, P., Hoffsuemmer, J., Martin, E., & Edwards, D. F. (2010) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.0.0323 · Cited by 1,195 · see citing works
Patient-Physician Racial Concordance and the Perceived Quality and Use of Health Care
Saha, S., Komaromy, M., Koepsell, T. D., & Bindman, A. B. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.9.997 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Distrust, Race, and Research
Corbie-Smith, G. M., Thomas, S. B., & George, D. M. M. S. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.21.2458 · Cited by 1,067 · see citing works
Attitudes and beliefs of african americans toward participation in medical research
Corbie-Smith, G. M., Thomas, S. B., Williams, M. V., & Moody‐Ayers, S. Y. (1999) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1999.07048.x · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Critical Race Theory, Race Equity, and Public Health: Toward Antiracism Praxis
Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.171058 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Community-based participatory research: assessing the evidence.
Viswanathan, M., Ammerman, A., Eng, E. M., Garlehner, G., Lohr, K. N., Griffith, D. M., Rhodes, S. D., Samuel‐Hodge, C. D., Maty, S. C., Lux, L. J., et al. (2004) · PubMed Central · Cited by 956 · see citing works
Interventions to Promote Physical Activity and Dietary Lifestyle Changes for Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction in Adults: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Artinian, N. T., Fletcher, G. F., Mozaffarian, D., Kris-Etherton, P., Van Horn, L., Lichtenstein, A. H., Kumanyika, S., Kraus, W. E., Fleg, J. L., Redeker, N. S., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3181e8edf1 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Attitudes about racism, medical mistrust, and satisfaction with care among African American and white cardiac patients
LaVeist, T. A., Nickerson, K. J., & Bowie, J. V. (2000) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558700057001s07 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Race and trust in the health care system
Boulware, L. E., Cooper, L. A., Ratner, L. E., LaVeist, T. A., & Powe, N. R. (2003) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1093/phr/118.4.358 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Are Racial and Ethnic Minorities Less Willing to Participate in Health Research?
Wendler, D. S., Kington, R. S., Madans, J. H., Wye, G. V., Christ‐Schmidt, H., Pratt, L. A., Brawley, O. W., Gross, C. P., & Emanuel, E. J. (2005) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030019 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Embodying Inequality: A Review of Concepts, Measures, and Methods for Studying Health Consequences of Discrimination
Krieger, N. (1999) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.2190/m11w-vwxe-kqm9-g97q · Cited by 1,181 · see citing works
Race and trust in the health care system
Boulware, L. E., Cooper, L. A., Ratner, L. E., LaVeist, T. A., & Powe, N. R. (2003) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1016/s0033-3549(04)50262-5 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Measuring trust in vaccination: A systematic review
Larson, H. J., Clarke, R. M., Jarrett, C., Eckersberger, E., Levine, Z., Schulz, W. S., & Paterson, P. (2018) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2018.1459252 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
African Americans’ views on research and the Tuskegee Syphilis study
Freimuth, V. S., Quinn, S. C., Thomas, S. B., Cole, G. E., Zook, E. G., & Duncan, T. (2001) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00178-7 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Fairness of artificial intelligence in healthcare: review and recommendations
Ueda, D., Kakinuma, T., Fujita, S., Kamagata, K., Fushimi, Y., Ito, R., Matsui, Y., Nozaki, T., Nakaura, T., Fujima, N., et al. (2024) · Japanese Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1007/s11604-023-01474-3 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Toward resolution of cardiovascular health disparities in African Americans: design and methods of the Jackson Heart Study.
Taylor, H. A., WILSON, J. G., Jones, D. W., Sarpong, D. F., Srinivasan, A., Garrison, R. J., Nelson, C. R., & Wyatt, S. B. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Physician Distrust in the United States
Armstrong, K., Ravenell, K. L., McMurphy, S., & Putt, M. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.080762 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Trust in the Medical Profession: Conceptual and Measurement Issues
Hall, M. A., CAMACHO, F. T., Dugan, E., & Balkrishnan, R. (2002) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.01070 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Cross-cultural Medical Education
Betancourt, J. R. (2003) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200306000-00004 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy among ethnic minority groups
Razai, M. S., Osama, T., McKechnie, D. G., & Majeed, A. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n513 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Ethical Dilemmas in Community-Based Participatory Research: Recommendations for Institutional Review Boards
Flicker, S., Travers, R., Guţă, A., McDonald, S., & Meagher, A. (2007) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-007-9165-7 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Are HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs a Barrier to HIV Prevention Among African Americans?
Bogart, L. M., & Thorburn, S. (2005) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200502010-00014 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Recruiting Vulnerable Populations into Research: A Systematic Review of Recruitment Interventions
UyBico, S. J., Pavel, S., & Gross, C. P. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0126-3 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Health: Dimensions and Mechanisms
Cutler, D., Lleras‐Muney, A., & Vogl, T. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14333 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
The eponymous Dr James Marion Sims MD, LLD (1813–1883)
West, M., & Irvine, L. M. (2013) · Journal of Medical Biography · doi:10.1177/0967772013480604 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Racial differences in doctors' information‐giving and patients' participation
Gordon, H. S., Street, R. L., Sharf, B. F., & Souchek, J. (2006) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.22122 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
On the Margin: Power and Women's HIV Risk Reduction Strategies
Amaro, H. D. L. A., & Raj, A. (2000) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1007059708789 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Racial differences in trust and lung cancer patients' perceptions of physician communication.
Gordon, H., Street, R. L., Sharf, B. F., Kelly, P. A., & Souchek, J. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.03.1955 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
The increase in global HIV epidemics in MSM
Beyrer, C., Sullivan, P. S., Sánchez, J., Baral, S., Collins, C., Wirtz, A. L., Altman, D., Trapence, G., & Mayer, K. H. (2013) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000432449.30239.fe · Cited by 342 · see citing works
COMMUNICABILITY, RACIAL DISCOURSE, AND DISEASE
Briggs, C. L. (2005) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120618 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Understanding African Americans’ views of the trustworthiness of physicians
Jacobs, E. A., Rolle, I., Ferrans, C. E., Whitaker, E. E., & Warnecke, R. B. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00485.x · Cited by 335 · see citing works
The Legacy of Tuskegee and Trust in Medical Care: Is Tuskegee Responsible for Race Differences in Mistrust of Medical Care?
Brandon, D. T., Isaac, L. A., & LaVeist, T. A. (2005) · PubMed Central · doi:10.13016/lfd2-l89x · Cited by 334 · see citing works
The role of trust in use of preventive services among low-income African-American women
O’Malley, A. S., Sheppard, V. B., Schwartz, M. D., & Mandelblatt, J. S. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.01.018 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Challenging Assumptions About Minority Participation in US Clinical Research
Fisher, J. A., & Kalbaugh, C. A. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300279 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Awareness, knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes towards genetic testing for cancer risk among ethnic minority groups: a systematic review
for the PROMISE study team, Hann, K. E. J., Freeman, M., Fraser, L. S. M., Waller, J., Sanderson, S. C., Rahman, B., Side, L. E., Gessler, S., & Lanceley, A. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4375-8 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Development and testing of the health care system distrust scale
Rose, A., Peters, N., Shea, J. A., & Armstrong, K. (2004) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.21146.x · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Racial differences in sensitivity to behavioral integrity: Attitudinal consequences, in-group effects, and "trickle down" among Black and non-Black employees.
Simons, T. L., Friedman, R., Liu, L. A., & Parks, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.650 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Vaccine Hesitancy: Contemporary Issues and Historical Background
Nuwarda, R. F., Ramzan, I. M., Weekes, L., & Kayser, V. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10101595 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Implementing Anti-Racism Interventions in Healthcare Settings: A Scoping Review
Hassen, N., Lofters, A., Michael, S., Mall, A., Pinto, A. D., & Rackal, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18062993 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Conspiracy Beliefs about HIV Are Related to Antiretroviral Treatment Nonadherence among African American Men with HIV
Bogart, L., Wagner, G., Galvan, F. H., & Banks, D. (2009) · Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e3181c57dbc · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Bio Science
Nelson, A. (2008) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/0306312708091929 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Peer Mentoring and Financial Incentives to Improve Glucose Control in African American Veterans: A Randomized Trial
Long, J. A., Jahnle, E. C., Richardson, D. M., Loewenstein, G., & Volpp, K. G. (2012) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-6-201203200-00004 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Intersection of Living in a Rural Versus Urban Area and Race/Ethnicity in Explaining Access to Health Care in the United States
Caldwell, J. T., Ford, C. L., Wallace, S. P., Wang, M. C., & Takahashi, L. M. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303212 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Race, Ethnicity, and Pain Treatment: Striving to Understand the Causes and Solutions to the Disparities in Pain Treatment
Bonham, V. L. (2001) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2001.tb00039.x · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Determinants of Heterogeneous Adherence to HIV-Antiretroviral Therapies in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
Kleeberger, C. A., Phair, J. P., Strathdee, S. A., Detels, R., Kingsley, L., & Jacobson, L. P. (2001) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200101010-00012 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Improving the nutritional resource environment for healthy living through community-based participatory research
the REACH Coalition of the African American Building a Legacy of Health Project, Sloane, D. C., Diamant, A. L., Lewis, L. B., Yancey, A. K., Flynn, G., Nascimento, L. M., McCarthy, W. J., Guinyard, J. J., & Cousineau, M. R. (2003) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.21022.x · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Delving Below the Surface. Understanding How Race and Ethnicity Influence Relationships in Health Care
Cooper, L. A., Beach, M. C., Johnson, R. L., & Inui, T. S. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00305.x · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs about End-of-life Care among Inner-City African Americans and Latinos
Born, W. K., Greiner, K. A., Sylvia, E., Butler, J. T., & Ahluwalia, J. S. (2004) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/109662104773709369 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Psychosocial Correlates of Medical Mistrust Among African American Men
Powell, W. (2010) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-009-9280-6 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Strategies for Culturally Effective End-of-Life Care
Crawley, L. M., Marshall, P. A., Lo, B., Koenig, B. A., & Panel*, F. T. E.-O.-L. C. C. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-9-200205070-00010 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Masculinity, Medical Mistrust, and Preventive Health Services Delays Among Community-Dwelling African-American Men
Powell, W., Matthews, D. D., Mohottige, D., Agyemang, A. A., & Corbie-Smith, G. M. (2010) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1481-z · Cited by 227 · see citing works
The Continuing Legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Considerations for Clinical Investigation
Corbie-Smith, G. M. (1999) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0002-9629(15)40464-1 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Recommendations for Teaching about Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Health Care
Smith, W. R., Betancourt, J. R., Wynia, M. K., Bussey‐Jones, J., Stone, V. E., Phillips, C. O., Fernández, A., Jacobs, E. A., & Bowles, J. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-9-200711060-00010 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Using Mistrust, Distrust, and Low Trust Precisely in Medical Care and Medical Research Advances Health Equity
Griffith, D. M., Bergner, E. M., Fair, A. S., & Wilkins, C. H. (2020) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.08.019 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Race and shared decision-making: Perspectives of African-Americans with diabetes
Peek, M. E., Odoms‐Young, A. M., Quinn, M. T., Gorawara‐Bhat, R., Wilson, S. C., & Chin, M. H. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.014 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Ethnic Minority Older Adults Participating in Clinical Research
Moreno-John, G., Gachie, A., Fleming, C. M., Nápoles‐Springer, A. M., Mutran, E. J., Manson, S. M., & Pérez‐Stable, E. J. (2004) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264304268151 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Barriers to influenza immunization in a low-income urban population
Armstrong, K. (2001) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(00)00263-4 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Health Care
Wheeler, S. M., & Bryant, A. (2017) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2016.10.001 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Beyond misdiagnosis, misunderstanding and mistrust: relevance of the historical perspective in the medical and mental health treatment of people of color.
Suite, D. H., Bril, R. D. L., Primm, A. B., & Harrison-Ross, P. (2007) · PubMed Central · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Examination of Stigmatizing Language in the Electronic Health Record
Himmelstein, G., Bates, D. W., & Zhou, L. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.44967 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Community-Partnered Cluster-Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Community Engagement and Planning or Resources for Services to Address Depression Disparities
Wells, K. B., Jones, L., Chung, B., Dixon, E. L., Tang, L., Gilmore, J., Sherbourne, C. D., Ngo, V. K., Ong, M. K., Stockdale, S. E., et al. (2013) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2484-3 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Support for Comprehensive Sexuality Education: Perspectives from Parents of School-Age Youth
Eisenberg, M. E., Bernat, D. H., Bearinger, L. H., & Resnick, M. D. (2008) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.019 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Population-based interventions engaging communities of color in healthy eating and active living: a review.
Yancey, A. K., Kumanyika, S., Ponce, N. A., McCarthy, W. J., Fielding, J. E., Leslie, J., & Akbar, J. A. (2004) · PubMed Central · doi:10.13016/syxj-snha · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Reported Racial Discrimination, Trust in Physicians, and Medication Adherence Among Inner-City African Americans With Hypertension
Cuffee, Y., Hargraves, J. L., Rosal, M. C., Briesacher, B. A., Schoenthaler, A., Person, S. D., Hullett, S., & Allison, J. J. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301554 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Health disparities in colorectal cancer among racial and ethnic minorities in the United States.
Jackson, C. S., Oman, M., Patel, A. M., & Vega, K. J. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.039 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
The Rise of `Recruitmentology'
Epstein, S. (2008) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/0306312708091930 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Effective Doctor–Patient Communication: An Updated Examination
Matusitz, J., & Spear, J. A. (2014) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2013.776416 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Barriers to Health Care among Asian Immigrants in the United States: A Traditional Review
Clough, J., Lee, S., & Chae, D. H. (2013) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2013.0019 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Ethical Failures and History Lessons: The U.S. Public Health Service Research Studies in Tuskegee and Guatemala
Reverby, S. M. (2012) · Public health reviews · doi:10.1007/bf03391665 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Determinants of trust in the flu vaccine for African Americans and Whites
Freimuth, V. S., Jamison, A., An, J., Hancock, G. R., & Quinn, S. C. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.10.001 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The clinical imperative for inclusivity: Race, ethnicity, and ancestry (REA) in genomics
Popejoy, A. B., Ritter, D., Crooks, K., Currey, E., Fullerton, S. M., Hindorff, L. A., Koenig, B. A., Ramos, E. M., Sorokin, E. P., Wand, H., et al. (2018) · Human Mutation · doi:10.1002/humu.23644 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Research Expectations Among African American Church Leaders in the PRAISE! Project: A Randomized Trial Guided by Community-Based Participatory Research
Ammerman, A. S., Corbie-Smith, G. M., George, D. M. M. S., Washington, C., Weathers, B., & Jackson-Christian, B. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.10.1720 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Differences in breast cancer prognosis among African-American and Caucasian women
Dignam, J. J. (2000) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.50.1.50 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
A systematic review of medical mistrust measures
Williamson, L. D., & Bigman, C. A. (2018) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2018.05.007 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Addressing Urban Health in Detroit, New York City, and Seattle Through Community-Based Participatory Research Partnerships
Metzler, M. M., Higgins, D. L., Beeker, C., Freudenberg, N., Lantz, P. M., Senturia, K., Eisinger, A., Viruell‐Fuentes, E. A., Gheisar, B., Palermo, A. S., et al. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.5.803 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Patient characteristics and experiences associated with trust in specialist physicians.
Keating, N., Gandhi, T., Orav, E., Bates, D., & Ayanian, J. (2004) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.164.9.1015 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Factors Impacting Advance Care Planning among African Americans: Results of a Systematic Integrated Review
Sanders, J. J., Robinson, M. T., & Block, S. D. (2016) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2015.0325 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The Effect of Numerical Statements of Risk on Trust and Comfort with Hypothetical Physician Risk Communication
Gurmankin, A. D., Baron, J. A., & Armstrong, K. (2004) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x04265482 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Patient Trust in Physicians and Shared Decision-Making Among African-Americans With Diabetes
Peek, M., Gorawara-Bhat, R., Quinn, M., Odoms-Young, A., Wilson, S. C., & Chin, M. (2012) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2012.710873 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Cultural Factors Influencing Advance Care Planning in Progressive, Incurable Disease: A Systematic Review With Narrative Synthesis
McDermott, E., & Selman, L. E. (2018) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.07.006 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Who Doesn’t Trust Fauci? The Public’s Belief in the Expertise and Shared Values of Scientists in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Evans, J. H., & Hargittai, E. (2020) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/2378023120947337 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
The medical ethics of Dr J Marion Sims: a fresh look at the historical record
Wall, L. L. (2006) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme.2005.012559 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Confronting racially exclusionary practices in the acquisition and analyses of neuroimaging data
Ricard, J. A., Parker, T., Dhamala, E., Kwasa, J. A. C., Allsop, A. S., & Holmes, A. J. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-022-01218-y · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Racial Disparities in Preferences and Perceptions Regarding Organ Donation
Siminoff, L. A., Burant, C. J., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00516.x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
From personal survival to public health: community leadership by men who have sex with men in the response to HIV
Trapence, G., Collins, C., Avrett, S., Carr, R. S., Sánchez, H., Ayala, G., Diouf, D., Beyrer, C., & Baral, S. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60834-4 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Researcher and Researched-Community Perspectives: Toward Bridging the Gap
Sullivan, M., Koné, A., Senturia, K., Chrisman, N. J., Ciske, S. J., & Krieger, J. W. (2001) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/109019810102800202 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Recruitment and retention of low-income minority women in a behavioral intervention to reduce smoking, depression, and intimate partner violence during pregnancy
El‐Khorazaty, M. N., Johnson, A. A., Kiely, M., El-Mohandes, A. A. E., Subramanian, S., Laryea, H., Murray, K. B., Thornberry, J. S., & Joseph, J. G. (2007) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-233 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Medical mistrust is related to lower longitudinal medication adherence among African-American males with HIV
Dale, S. K., Bogart, L. M., Wagner, G. J., Galván, F. H., & Klein, D. J. (2014) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105314551950 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Mother Nature versus human nature: public compliance with evacuation and quarantine
Manuell, M., & Cukor, J. (2011) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01219.x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Race, medicine, and health care in the United States: a historical survey.
Byrd, W. M., & Clayton, L. A. (2001) · PubMed Central · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Place of Death and Its Predictors for Local Patients Registered at a Comprehensive Cancer Center
Bruera, E. D., Russell, N. C., Sweeney, C., Fisch, M. J., & Palmer, J. L. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2002.08.138 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Is Community-Based Participatory Research Possible?
Blumenthal, D. S. (2011) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.11.011 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Examining Racial Disparities in HIV
Kraut-Becher, J. R., Eisenberg, M. M., Voytek, C. D., Brown, T., Metzger, D. S., & Aral, S. O. (2008) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e3181605b95 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Cerebrovascular Disease in African Americans
Gorelick, P. B. (1998) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.29.12.2656 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Attitudes Toward The Use Of Quarantine In A Public Health Emergency In Four Countries
Blendon, R. J., DesRoches, C. M., Cetron, M. S., Benson, J. M., Meinhardt, T. J., & Pollard, W. E. (2006) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.25.w15 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The Association between Race and Attitudes about Predictive Genetic Testing
Peters, N., Rose, A., & Armstrong, K. (2004) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.361.13.3 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Trust in Physicians and Racial Disparities in HIV Care
Saha, S., Jacobs, E. A., Moore, R. D., & Beach, M. C. (2010) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2009.0288 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Barriers to treatment among African Americans with obsessive-compulsive disorder
Williams, M. T., Domanico, J., Marques, L. M., LeBlanc, N. J., & Turkheimer, E. N. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.02.009 · Cited by 139 · see citing works

Authors: Gamble, V. N.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author: Gamble, V N
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 1997-11
Volume: 87
Issue: 11
Pages: 1773-1778
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.87.11.1773
PMC: PMC1381160
OpenAlex: W2123107134
Cited by: 1,263
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 109 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 2.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Kaiser Permanente
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Race, Genetics, and Society
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Medical History and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
Keywords: Tuskegee syphilis study, African Americans, health care, biomedical research ethics, history of medicine
MeSH terms: Alabama, Black or African American, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Human Experimentation, Prejudice, Syphilis, Patient Selection, Value of Life, Trust, Research Subjects, Biomedical Research, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks