CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,962Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchMemory and Neural MechanismsNicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 79 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Cholinergic innervation of cortex by the basal forebrain: Cytochemistry and cortical connections of the septal area, diagonal band nuclei, nucleus basalis (Substantia innominata), and hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey

Mesulam, M.‐Marsel, Mufson, Elliott J., Levey, Allan I., Wainer, Bruce H.·1983·Journal of Comparative Neurology
DOI 10.1002/cne.902140206
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The organization of projections from the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain to neocortex and associated structures was investigated in the rhesus monkey with the help of horseradish peroxidase transport, acetyl‐cholinesterase histochemistry, and choline acetyltransferase immunohis‐tochemistry. Four groups of neurons contained cholinergic perikarya and were designated as Chl‐Ch4. The Ch1 group corresponds to the medial septal nucleus; about 10% of its neurons are cholinergic, and it provides a substantial projection to the hippocampus. The Ch2 group corresponds to the vertical nucleus of the diagonal band; at least 70% of its neurons are cholinergic, and it is the major source of innervation that the hippocampus and hypothalamus receive from the Chl‐Ch4 complex. The Ch3 group most closely corresponds to the horizontal nucleus of the diagonal band; only 1% of its neurons can definitely be shown to be cholinergic, and it is the major source of Chl‐Ch4 projections to the olfactory bulb. The Ch4 group most closely corresponds to the nucleus basalis of Meynert; at least 90% of its neurons are cholinergic, and it has projections to widespread areas of cortex and to the amygdala. In fact, the Ch4 group provides the single major source of cholinergic innervation for the entire cortical surface. In this respect, it is analogous to the raphe nuclei and to the nucleus locus coeruleus, which constitute the major sources of widespread cortical serotonergic and nor‐adrenergic innervation, respectively. The extensive Ch4 group can be divided into several subdivisions. Each subdivision has a preferential set of targets for its projections even though the connection patterns contain considerable overlap. The anteromedial subdivision of Ch4 is the major source of cholinergic projections to areas on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres; the anterolateral Ch4 sub‐division is the major source of cholinergic projections to frontoparietal op‐ercular areas and to the amygdala; the intermediate Ch4 subdivision pro‐vides the major cholinergic input for a variety of dorsal prefrontal, insular, posterior parietal, inferotemporal, and peristriate areas; and the posterior subdivision of Ch4 provides the major cholinergic innervation of superior temporal and immediately adjacent areas. The basal forebrain in the human contains a cytoarchitechture analogous to that of the monkey. The Ch4 group (nucleus basalis) of the human is very extensive and can be subdivided into the same components that were identfied in the monkey brain. Pathological changes in Ch4 neurons have been described in a variety of human disease. In Alzheimer's disease, the relatively selective depression of neocortical cholinergic innervation may be closely associated with the neuronal loss in Ch4, which has also been described inthis condition. In the rhesus monkey, all types of cortical areas receive substantial projections from the hippocampus. Virtually all of this hypothalamic input into neocortex arises from acetylcholinesterase‐rich neurons which lack choline acetyltransferase. The hypothalamocortical pathway is therefore acetylcholinesterase‐rich but not cholinergic.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/cne.902140206

Cites

79 of 79 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 79 references

Research works printed but not linked: 19

  1. Beccari N., 1943, Neurologia Comparata Anatomo‐Funzionale Dei Ver‐tebrati Compresso L'Uomo
  2. Burton M. J., 1975, Visual and taste neurons in the lateral hypothnlamus and substantia innominata: Modulation of responsiveness by hunger, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 252, 50
  3. Foix C., 1925, Anatomie Cerebrale Noyaux Gris Cen‐traux et Region Mesencephalo‐Sous‐Optique
  4. Friedcmann M., 1911, Die Cytoarchitektonikdes Zwischenhirns der Cer‐copithekcn mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Thalamus opticus, J. Psychol. Neurol. (Leipzig), 18, 309
  5. Heimer L., 1975, Golgi Centennial Symposium Proceedings, 177
  6. Hilt D. C., 1982, Pick Disease: Loss of neurons in the nucleus basalis, Neurology, 32, A229
  7. Kodama S., 1929, Pathologisch‐anatomische Untersuchungen mit Bezug auf die sorgenannten Basalganglien und ihre Adnexe. Neurologische und Psychiatrische Abhandlungen aus dem Schweize, Archiv fur Neu‐rologie und Psychiatrie, 8, 1
  8. Kolliker A., 1896, Nervensystem
  9. Levey A. I., 1982, Immunochcmical studies of bovine and Inimnn choline‐o‐acetyltrnnsferase using monoclonal an‐UlniilliiH, .J. Nmmiulliilll., 39, 1652
  10. McLennan H., 1978, Pharmacological characterization of the excitatory cholinergic receptors of rat central neurons, Neuro‐pharmacology, 17, 329
  11. Mesulam M.‐M., 1977, Substantia innominata, septal area and nuclei of the diagonal band in the rhesus monkey: Organization of efferents and their acetylcholinesterase his‐tochemistry, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 3, 202
  12. Meynert T., 1872, A Manual of Histology, 650
  13. Mufson E. J., 1982, Cholinergic projections from the mesencephalic tegmentum to neocortex in rhesus monkey, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 8, 135
  14. Nauta W. J. H., 1969, The Hypothalamus, 136
  15. Parent A., 1979, Advances in Neurology, 1
  16. Reichert C. B., 1861, Der Bau Des Menschlichen Gthirns
  17. Rosene D. L., 1978, Centrifugal efferents to the olfactory bulb in the rhesus monkey, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 4, 91
  18. Shute C. C. D., 1970, The Hypothal‐amus, 167
  19. Stephan H., 1964, Cytoarchitectonics of the septal nuclei in the old world monkeys (Cercopithecus and Colobus), J. Hirnforsch., 7, 1

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 801–900 of 1,006

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Mesulam, M. ‐., Mufson, E. J., Levey, A. I., & Wainer, B. H.
Affiliations
  • Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
  • University of Chicago (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Comparative Neurology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1983-02-20
Volume
214
Issue
2
Pages
170-197
ISSN
  • 0021-9967 (ISSN-L)
  • 1096-9861
DOI
10.1002/cne.902140206
OpenAlex
W2013854477
Cited by
1,962
References
79
Citations by year
2026: 30 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 46 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 29
FWCI
33.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 7902 d)
Locations
  • The Journal of Comparative Neurology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
Keywords
cholinergic innervation, basal forebrain, nucleus basalis of Meynert, diagonal band of Brodmann, medial septum, substantia innominata, hypothalamus, neocortex, choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, cholinergic projections, rhesus monkeys, hippocampus, amygdala, olfactory bulb
MeSH terms
Adult, Afferent Pathways, Animals, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cholinergic Fibers, Diencephalon, Humans, Hypothalamus, Macaca mulatta, Male, Septal Nuclei, Telencephalon

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review