Advances in understanding the immunity of the brain and its borders: Focus on brain macrophages
Open accessAbstract
A recent study outlines the phenotypes of brain border region macrophages in developing, normal and glioblastoma‐affected brains. For the first time, the authors show in‐vivo turnover of human brain border macrophages. The findings have implications for the understanding of brain border immunity and potential macrophage targeting therapies. keypoints: Human border region macrophages are distinct from microglia. These distinct phenotypes are established early during embryonal development ‐ Brain border macrophages are partially replaced by bone marrow‐derived myeloid cells. The transcriptional phenotypes of glioblastoma‐associated macrophage are determined by the anatomical region.
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The turnover half-time of resident macrophages averages 150 days.
“The turnover half-time of resident macrophages averages 150 days [317].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [317]
The keypoints passage reports a 150-day turnover half-time for perivascular macrophages specifically, not an average for resident macrophages generally. It gives different half-times for macrophages in other brain compartments, ranging from 62 to 265 days; no page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Van Hove, H., Martens, L., Scheyltjens, I., De Vlaminck, K., Pombo Antunes, A. R., De Prijck, S., Vandamme, N., De Schepper, S., Van Isterdael, G., Scott, C. L., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0393-4 · Cited by 1,160 · see citing works
Faraco, G., Sugiyama, Y., Lane, D., Garcia-Bonilla, L., Chang, H., Santisteban, M. M., Racchumi, G., Murphy, M., Van Rooijen, N., Anrather, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci86950 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Multiomic spatial landscape of innate immune cells at human central nervous system borders
Sankowski, R., Süß, P., Benkendorff, A., Böttcher, C., Fernandez-Zapata, C., Chhatbar, C., Cahueau, J., Monaco, G., Gasull, A. D., Khavaran, A., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02673-1 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 7
- [2]Sankowski R, Ahmari J, Mezö C, et al. Commensal microbiota divergently affect myeloid subsets in the mammalian central nervous system during homeostasis and disease. EMBO J. 2021; 40(23):e108605. doi: 10.15252/embj.2021108605 PMC8634130 34622466 · DOI · Paper page
- [4]Drieu A, Du S, Storck SE, et al. Parenchymal border macrophages regulate the flow dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Nature. 2022; 611(7936): 585‐ 593. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05397-3 36352225 PMC9899827 · DOI · Paper page
- [5]Jordão MJC, Sankowski R, Brendecke SM, et al. Single‐cell profiling identifies myeloid cell subsets with distinct fates during neuroinflammation. Science. 2019; 363(6425):eaat7554. doi: 10.1126/science.aat7554 30679343 · DOI · Paper page
- [6]Schonhoff AM, Figge DA, Williams GP, et al. Border‐associated macrophages mediate the neuroinflammatory response in an alpha‐synuclein model of Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun. 2023; 14(1): 3754. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39060-w 37365181 PMC10293214 · DOI · Paper page
- [7]Sankowski R, Monaco G, Prinz M. Evaluating microglial phenotypes using single‐cell technologies. Trends Neurosci. 2022; 45(2): 133‐ 144. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.11.001 34872773 · DOI
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- [10]Monaco G, Khavaran A, Dalmau Gasull A, et al. Transcriptome analysis identifies accumulation of natural killer cells with enhanced lymphotoxin‐β expression during glioblastoma progression. Cancers. 2022; 14(19): 4915. doi: 10.3390/cancers14194915 36230839 PMC9563981 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Bougnères, P., & Le Stunff, C. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16050590 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Süß, P., Diebold, M., & Sankowski, R.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Sankowski, Roman
- Venue
- Clinical and Translational Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-08-27
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e70014-e70014
- ISSN
- 2001-1326 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11349603
- OpenAlex
- W4401968326
- Cited by
- 5
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 0.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical and Translational Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (413517907)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (199310)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01EO2103)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- brain immunity, macrophage turnover, microglia, bone marrow-derived myeloid cells, embryonic development
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Humans, Macrophages
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