A single-cell atlas of mouse brain macrophages reveals unique transcriptional identities shaped by ontogeny and tissue environment
Open accessAbstract
While the roles of parenchymal microglia in brain homeostasis and disease are fairly clear, other brain-resident myeloid cells remain less well understood. By dissecting border regions and combining single-cell RNA-sequencing with high-dimensional cytometry, bulk RNA-sequencing, fate-mapping and microscopy, we reveal the diversity of non-parenchymal brain macrophages. Border-associated macrophages (BAMs) residing in the dura mater, subdural meninges and choroid plexus consisted of distinct subsets with tissue-specific transcriptional signatures, and their cellular composition changed during postnatal development. BAMs exhibited a mixed ontogeny, and subsets displayed distinct self-renewal capacity following depletion and repopulation. Single-cell and fate-mapping analysis both suggested that there is a unique microglial subset residing on the apical surface of the choroid plexus epithelium. Finally, gene network analysis and conditional deletion revealed IRF8 as a master regulator that drives the maturation and diversity of brain macrophages. Our results provide a framework for understanding host-macrophage interactions in both the healthy and diseased brain.
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The consensus exAM signature overlaps with the dissociation signature in Van Hove et al. (19 of 25 genes).
“Our consensus exAM signature does overlap with the dissociation signature in the study by Van Hove et al.[43] (19 of 25 genes in consensus exAM list; Supplementary Tables 4, 5 and 21a).”
From Dissection of artifactual and confounding glial signatures by single-cell sequencing of mouse and human brain (2022) · cites this paper as Van Hove et al.[43]
Typical enzymatic digestion of mouse brain tissue induced a host of transcriptional alterations.
“Consistent with the reports from other tissues in mice, we found that typical enzymatic digestion of mouse brain tissue induced a host of transcriptional alterations34,43,44,65.”
From Dissection of artifactual and confounding glial signatures by single-cell sequencing of mouse and human brain (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
Emerging results from other tissues and cell types have begun to characterize dissociation artifacts following enzymatic digestion.
“However, emerging results from other tissues/cell types have begun to characterize dissociation artifacts following enzymatic digestion43–45,65,66.”
From Dissection of artifactual and confounding glial signatures by single-cell sequencing of mouse and human brain (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
No explicit statistical methods were used to predetermine sample sizes, but the study's sample sizes exceed those reported in previous publications.
“No explicit statistical methods were used to predetermine sample sizes but our sample sizes exceed those reported in previous publications32,34,43.”
From Dissection of artifactual and confounding glial signatures by single-cell sequencing of mouse and human brain (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
PLX5622 likely also affects BAMs, placing a caveat on data where PLX5622 is assumed to be purely microglia-specific.
“This molecule likely also affects BAMs, as reported in the case of PLX3397 [317], placing an important caveat on the interpretation of data where PLX5622 is assumed to be purely microglia-specific.”
From Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function (2022) · cites this paper as [317]
Microglia share several expression profiles with primitive and adult macrophages, including IBA1.
“Although microglia represent a heterogeneous cell population [46], they still share several expression profiles with primitive and adult macrophages, including IBA1.”
From The Cuprizone Model: Dos and Do Nots (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
In the Aging Mouse Brain Single Cell Portal, Plcg2 expression is highest in microglia and brain macrophages, with lower levels in endothelial cells and oligodendrocyte precursor cells and minimal to no expression in neurons, astrocytes, and mature oligodendrocytes.
“In the Aging Mouse Brain Single Cell Portal, Plcg2 expression is highest in microglia and brain macrophages, with lower levels in endothelial cells and oligodendrocyte precursor cells and minimal to no expression in neurons, astrocytes, and mature oligodendrocytes [30, 72–74].”
From PLCγ2 deficiency compromises systemic immune tolerance and erodes myelin homeostasis while enhancing oxidative metabolism in the mouse brain (2026) · cites this paper as [74]
In the Brain Immune Atlas aggregate of CD45+ cells from brain and meningeal regions, Plcg2 transcripts are detected in 18% of immune cells across parenchymal microglia and multiple BAM subsets, with choroid plexus surface and dural BAMs contributing many Plcg2+ cells and a small B-cell cluster displaying the highest per-cell Plcg2 expression in the dataset.
“In the Brain Immune Atlas aggregate of CD45+ cells from brain and meningeal regions, Plcg2 transcripts are detected in 18% of immune cells across parenchymal microglia and multiple border-associated macrophage (BAM) subsets, with choroid plexus surface and dural BAMs contributing many Plcg2+ cells and a small B-cell cluster displaying the highest per-cell Plcg2 expression in the dataset [74].”
From PLCγ2 deficiency compromises systemic immune tolerance and erodes myelin homeostasis while enhancing oxidative metabolism in the mouse brain (2026) · cites this paper as [74]
We identified a classical monocyte cluster highly expressing Ly6c2 and a non-classical monocyte cluster highly expressing Itgal.
“We identified a classical monocyte cluster that highly express Ly6c2, and a non-classical monocyte cluster highly express Itgal, similarly as a published single cell RNA-seq study.88”
From TET2-mutant myeloid cells mitigate Alzheimer’s disease progression via CNS infiltration and enhanced phagocytosis in mice (2025) · cites this paper as [88]
BAMs have elevated expression of lipid-related genes.
“In addition, we confirmed previous findings of elevated expression of lipid-related genes in BAMs (31) and observed an increase in LD content within these cells over time and during disease progression.”
From Reducing microglial lipid load enhances β amyloid phagocytosis in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model (2025) · cites this paper as [31]
MHCII+ macrophages are most abundant in the choroid plexus and meninges.
“MHCII+ macrophages are most abundant in the choroid plexus and meninges [37], and we similarly observe widespread uptake of L2-siRNA in this population (Fig. 5F).”
From Elucidating brain transport pathways and cell type-dependent gene silencing of a durable lipid–siRNA conjugate administered into cerebrospinal fluid (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
MHCII+ macrophages are most abundant in the choroid plexus and meninges.
“MHCII+ macrophages are most abundant in the choroid plexus and meninges,43 and we similarly observe widespread uptake of L2-siRNA in this population (Fig. 5F).”
From Lipid-siRNA conjugate accesses a perivascular transport mechanism and achieves widespread and durable knockdown in the central nervous system (2024) · cites this paper as [43]
Yolk sac-derived precursors of resident macrophages are only in the perivascular compartment and maintain their cellular origin in adulthood.
“The yolk sac-derived precursors of resident macrophages are only in the perivascular compartment [360,361], where they maintain their cellular origin in adulthood [362,363,364].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [364]
CAMs clear harmful substances through phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine production.
“As immune surveillants, CAMs clear harmful substances through phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine production [364,368,371,372,373,374,375,376]”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [364]
CD38 expression is associated with neuroinflammation with greater amounts of proinflammatory macrophages/microglia in mouse brains.
“CD38 expression was associated with neuroinflammation with greater amounts of proinflammatory macrophages/microglia in mouse brains160,165.”
From NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing (2021) · cites this paper as [165]
Macrophages in the choroid plexus and dura mater turn over and receive some input from peripheral blood monocytes during adulthood.
“This contrasts with macrophages in the choroid plexus and dura mater, which do turn over and receive some input from peripheral blood monocytes during adulthood (71-73).”
From The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
Most macrophages residing in the leptomeninges and perivascular spaces are derived from early yolk sac-derived erythromyeloid progenitors, and during steady state, these cells have minimal turnover.
“Like microglia, most macrophages residing in the leptomeninges and perivascular spaces are derived from early yolk sac–derived erythromyeloid progenitors, and during steady state, these cells have minimal turnover.”
From The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
On the basis of high-parameter mass cytometry and single-cell RNA-sequencing studies, the dural macrophages appear to be distinct from those residing in the pia and underlying parenchyma.
“On the basis of high-parameter mass cytometry and single-cell RNA-sequencing studies, the dural macrophages appear to be distinct from those residing in the pia and underlying parenchyma (73, 94).”
From The anatomy and immunology of vasculature in the central nervous system (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
The macrophages expressed markers of border associated macrophages (BAMs).
“The macrophages expressed markers of border associated macrophages (BAMs) (e.g., Apoe, Ms4a7, Ms4a6c) recently identified in periluminal regions, meninges, and ChP (Van Hove et al., 2019).”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Van Hove et al., 2019
A subset of macrophages expressing markers previously defined as subdural-specific BAMs were enriched in embryonic ChP macrophages.
“Similarly, we found a subset of macrophages expressing markers previously defined as subdural-specific BAMs (e.g., Lyve1, Ednrb, Colec12; Van Hove et al., 2019) that were enriched in embryonic ChP macrophages in our dataset (Figure S5H).”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Van Hove et al., 2019
In contrast to Van Hove et al., the separation of BAM subsets was age-dependent and potentially represented a maturation-dependent shift from MHC IIlow to MHC IIhigh.
“However, in contrast to Van Hove et al., our data revealed that this separation was age-dependent and potentially represented a maturation-dependent shift from MHC IIlow to MHC IIhigh (Figure 5I, S5I,J, Table S6).”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Van Hove et al., 2019
Diversity within the BAMs segregated into two subsets defined as MHC class IIlow and MHC IIhigh.
“In agreement with recent reports (Van Hove et al., 2019), we found diversity within the BAMs, which segregated into two subsets defined as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIlow and MHC IIhigh.”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Van Hove et al., 2019
These maturation-dependent changes agree with a recent report of border-associated macrophages.
“These maturation dependent changes agree with a recent report of BAMs (Van Hove et al., 2019).”
From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Van Hove et al., 2019
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Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its crossroads
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Microglia and Central Nervous System–Associated Macrophages—From Origin to Disease Modulation
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Metabolic modeling of single Th17 cells reveals regulators of autoimmunity
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What is a cell type and how to define it?
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Early Fate Defines Microglia and Non-parenchymal Brain Macrophage Development
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Macrophages at CNS interfaces: Ontogeny and function in health and disease
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A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages
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“The almost complete absence of cells expressing Ms4a7 confirmed that CNS border-associated macrophages (BAMs) (Van Hove et al., 2019) were not contaminating the dataset.”
Microglia and Inflammatory Responses in Diabetic Retinopathy
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Microglia coordinate cellular interactions during spinal cord repair in mice
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“These microglial cells were derived from WT homeostatic mice.”
MethodSingle-cell RNA-seq reveals the transcriptional landscape in ischemic stroke
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“Microglia and PVMs both share similar yolk-sac origin and reside on the parenchymal side of the BBB, yet occupy distinct microenvironments and express unique cell-type-specific markers 8–13 .”
Self-citationSingle-cell RNA sequencing reveals evolution of immune landscape during glioblastoma progression
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Self-citationLipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Microglia
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Brain borders at the central stage of neuroimmunology
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“BAMs are also present in the choroid plexus, where they are further classified as stromal macrophages and Kolmer’s epiplexus cells, whose ontogeny is more complex: both have been shown to originate during embryogenesis from EMPs, but only the former present high self-renewal from BM monocytes postnatally [25].”
BackgroundYdens, E., Amann, L., Asselbergh, B., Scott, C. L., Martens, L., Sichien, D., Mossad, O., Blank, T., Prijck, S. D., Low, D., et al. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-0618-6 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Self-citationMei, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Liu, D., He, J., Huang, C., Liao, J., Wang, Y., Feng, Y.-Y., Li, H., et al. (2023) · Nature Cancer · doi:10.1038/s43018-023-00598-9 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Microenvironmental Regulation of Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response in Brain Metastasis
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Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function
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“In the healthy homeostatic CNS, microglia comprise the predominant myeloid population, followed by nonparenchymal CNS macrophages [182], collectively called CNS- or border-associated macrophages (CAMs or BAMs) [20, 235, 259].”
BackgroundInfluentialIntersection of pathological tau and microglia at the synapse
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Bacteria hijack a meningeal neuroimmune axis to facilitate brain invasion
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Transcriptional profiling and therapeutic targeting of oxidative stress in neuroinflammation
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CXCR6 orchestrates brain CD8+ T cell residency and limits mouse Alzheimer’s disease pathology
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“FASTQ files from 16-month-old APP/PS1 and Non-Tg mice 11 (PRJNA529095) were downloaded.”
BackgroundVan Damme, H., Dombrecht, B., Kiss, M., Roose, H., Allen, E., Van Overmeire, E., Kancheva, D., Martens, L., Murgaski, A., Bardet, P. M. R., et al. (2021) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2020-001749 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“30 The obtained clustering was visualized in two-dimensional scatter plots via Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) using the Seurat V3.”
Self-citationEmergence and Developmental Roles of the Cerebrospinal Fluid System
Fame, R. M., & Lehtinen, M. K. (2020) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.027 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Phagocytic microglia and macrophages in brain injury and repair
Yu, F., Wang, Y., Stetler, R. A., Leak, R. K., Hu, X., & Chen, J. (2022) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.13899 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Autophagy enables microglia to engage amyloid plaques and prevents microglial senescence
Choi, I., Wang, M., Yoo, S., Xu, P., Seegobin, S. P., Li, X., Han, X., Wang, Q., Peng, J., Zhang, B., et al. (2023) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-023-01158-0 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
APOE4 impairs the microglial response in Alzheimer’s disease by inducing TGFβ-mediated checkpoints
Yin, Z., Rosenzweig, N., Kleemann, K. L., Zhang, X., Brandão, W., Margeta, M. A., Schroeder, C., Sivanathan, K. N., Silveira, S., Gauthier, C., et al. (2023) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-023-01627-6 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“To distinguish peripheral recruited myeloid cells and BAMs from microglia, we reclustered all microglia-like cells and identified Ms4a7 + and Mrc1 + macrophages 25,26 and Lyve1 + BAMs 27,28 (Extended Data Fig.”
BackgroundGarcía‐Bonilla, L., Shahanoor, Z., Sciortino, R. K., Nazarzoda, O., Racchumi, G., Iadecola, C., & Anrather, J. (2024) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-023-01711-x · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Zernecke, A., Erhard, F., Weinberger, T., Schulz, C., Ley, K. F., Saliba, A., & Cochain, C. (2022) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvac161 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Wei, J., Chen, P., Gupta, P., Ott, M., Zamler, D. B., Kassab, C., Bhat, K., Curran, M. A., de Groot, J., & Heimberger, A. B. (2019) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/noz212 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Emerging roles for CNS fibroblasts in health, injury and disease
Dorrier, C., Jones, H. E., Pintarić, L., Siegenthaler, J. A., & Daneman, R. (2021) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00525-w · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Conserved meningeal lymphatic drainage circuits in mice and humans
Jacob, L., Brito, J. M., Lenck, S., Corcy, C., Benbelkacem, F., Geraldo, L. H., Xu, Y., Thomas, J.-M., Kamouh, M.-R. E., Spajer, M., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20220035 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
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Distinct molecular profiles of skull bone marrow in health and neurological disorders
Kolabas, Z. I., Kuemmerle, L. B., Perneczky, R., Förstera, B., Ulukaya, S., Ali, M., Kapoor, S., Bartos, L. M., Büttner, M., Çalışkan, Ö. Ş., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.009 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Boeck, A. D., Ahn, B. Y., D’Mello, C., Lun, X. Q., Menon, S. V., Alshehri, M. M., Szulzewsky, F., Shen, Y., Khan, L., Dang, N. H., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18569-4 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Astrocytic phagocytosis is a compensatory mechanism for microglial dysfunction
Konishi, H., Okamoto, T., Hara, Y., Komine, O., Tamada, H., Maeda, M., Osako, F., Kobayashi, M., Nishiyama, A., Kataoka, Y., et al. (2020) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2020104464 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“…(Fig EV2D and E), indicating that survived microglia actively proliferate to replenish the brain, which is similar to other microglial ablation models, such as using Cx3cr1 CreER : Rosa26 dtr mice (Bruttger et al , 2015) or CSF1R inhibitor PLX compounds (Huang et al , 2018; Van Hove et al , 2019).”
InfluentialShemer, A., Scheyltjens, I., Frumer, G. R., Kim, J.-S., Grozovski, J., Ayanaw, S., Dassa, B., Van Hove, H., Chappell-Maor, L., Boura-Halfon, S., et al. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.018 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
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A Binary Cre Transgenic Approach Dissects Microglia and CNS Border-Associated Macrophages
Kim, J.-S., Kolesnikov, M., Peled-Hajaj, S., Scheyltjens, I., Xia, Y., Trzebanski, S., Haimon, Z., Shemer, A., Lubart, A., Van Hove, H., et al. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.007 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationA new genetic strategy for targeting microglia in development and disease
McKinsey, G. L., Lizama, C. O., Keown-Lang, A. E., Niu, A., Santander, N., Larpthaveesarp, A., Chee, E., Gonzalez, F. F., & Arnold, T. D. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.54590 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Glioblastoma heterogeneity at single cell resolution
Eisenbarth, D., & Wang, Y. (2023) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/s41388-023-02738-y · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Microglia can be identified by the expression of genes, such as TMEM119, P2RY12, and CX3CR1 but can exhibit significant differences in gene expression profiles depending on underlying mutations or progression status [57, 58].”
BackgroundInfluentialTissue-resident macrophages: guardians of organ homeostasis
Nobs, S. P., & Köpf, M. (2021) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2021.04.007 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The Cuprizone Model: Dos and Do Nots
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“Although microglia represent a heterogeneous cell population [46], they still share several expression profiles with primitive and adult macrophages, including IBA1.”
BackgroundMicroglia versus Monocytes: Distinct Roles in Degenerative Diseases of the Retina
Chen, Y., Roubeix, C., Sennlaub, F., & Saban, D. R. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.03.012 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Another example of microgliarestricted access might also be gleaned in the normal mouse brain, where a distinctive microglial population, but not the choroid plexus macrophage population, was found to reside on the apical epithelium of the choroid plexus [93].”
BackgroundVlaminck, K. D., Hove, H. V., Kancheva, D., Scheyltjens, I., Antunes, A. R. P., Bastos, J., Vara‐Pérez, M., Ali, L., Mampay, M., Deneyer, L., et al. (2021) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.09.005 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationFunction of Macrophages in Disease: Current Understanding on Molecular Mechanisms
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Wang, P. L., Yim, A. K., Kim, K.-W., Avey, D. R., Czepielewski, R. S., Colonna, M., Milbrandt, J., Randolph, G. J., & The Immunological Genome Project (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16355-w · Cited by 168 · see citing works
When encephalitogenic T cells collaborate with microglia in multiple sclerosis
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Schonhoff, A. M., Figge, D. A., Williams, G. P., Jurkuvenaite, A., Gallups, N. J., Childers, G. M., Webster, J. M., Standaert, D. G., Goldman, J. E., & Harms, A. S. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39060-w · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“48 hours apart, as previously described [11, 29].”
Multiomic spatial landscape of innate immune cells at human central nervous system borders
Sankowski, R., Süß, P., Benkendorff, A., Böttcher, C., Fernandez-Zapata, C., Chhatbar, C., Cahueau, J., Monaco, G., Gasull, A. D., Khavaran, A., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02673-1 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Divergently regulated genes macrophages represent the main immune cells at CNS interfaces 8,9 .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIadecola, C., Smith, E. E., Anrather, J., Gu, C., Mishra, A., Misra, S., Pérez‐Pinzón, M. A., Shih, A. Y., Sorond, F. A., van Veluw, S. J., et al. (2023) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0000000000000431 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Pro-inflammatory and proliferative microglia drive progression of glioblastoma
Liu, H., Sun, Y., Zhang, Q., Jin, W., Gordon, R. E., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Sun, C., Wang, Z., Qi, X., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109718 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Insights into Alzheimer’s disease from single-cell genomic approaches
Murdock, M. H., & Tsai, L.-H. (2023) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-022-01222-2 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
The choroid plexus links innate immunity to CSF dysregulation in hydrocephalus
Robert, S. M., Reeves, B. C., Kiziltug, E., Duy, P. Q., Karimy, J. K., Mansuri, M. S., Marlier, A., Allington, G., Greenberg, A. B. W., DeSpenza, T., et al. (2023) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.017 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“We next integrated our bulk multi-omics ChP data with published single-cell and single-nucleus RNA-seq (sc- and snRNAseq, respectively) of the ChP and brain macrophages.(6,60) We constructed 21 modules of co-expressed genes from a published scRNA-seq dataset of rodent ChP(60) (Figure 2F) and found that PIH-associated…”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationAnalyzing microglial phenotypes across neuropathologies: a practical guide
Schwabenland, M., Brück, W., Priller, J., Stadelmann, C., Lassmann, H., & Prinz, M. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-021-02370-8 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Hypertension, Neurodegeneration, and Cognitive Decline
Pacholko, A. G., & Iadecola, C. (2024) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21356 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“…of intracerebral arterioles and venules within the PVS. 81 PVM express both AT1R and IL-17RA, are richly endowed with the reactive oxygen species producing enzyme NOX2, 100,101 and have emerged as key players in the neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction observed in animal models of hypertension.”
Background
- Authors
- Van Hove, H., Martens, L., Scheyltjens, I., De Vlaminck, K., Pombo Antunes, A. R., De Prijck, S., Vandamme, N., De Schepper, S., Van Isterdael, G., Scott, C. L., Aerts, J., Berx, G., Boeckxstaens, G. E., Vandenbroucke, R. E., Vereecke, L., Moechars, D., Guilliams, M., Van Ginderachter, J. A., Saeys, Y., & Movahedi, K.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE)
- Janssen (Belgium) (BE)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Ghent University Hospital (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Movahedi, Kiavash
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2019-05-06
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1021-1035
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- OpenAlex
- W2943220296
- Cited by
- 1,160
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 128 · 2025: 158 · 2024: 188 · 2023: 155 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 156 · 2020: 88 · 2019: 31
- FWCI
- 42.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lirias.kuleuven.be
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- brain macrophages, border-associated macrophages, choroid plexus, dura mater, microglia, IRF8, macrophage ontogeny, postnatal brain development
- MeSH terms
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-8, Animals, Brain, Cell Differentiation, Female, Macrophages, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL
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