Mobile assessment of heightened skin conductance in posttraumatic stress disorder: H inrichs et al .
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Increased psychophysiological reactivity is a hallmark intermediate phenotype of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals with PTSD exhibit greater skin conductance (SC) responses to trauma scripts than trauma survivors without PTSD. However, trauma scripts require time for development and cannot be easily used in a single visit. Thus, there is a need for a low-cost, easy-to-use, SC recording protocol for PTSD assessment. METHODS: Using a mobile device (eSense) connected to a portable tablet computer, we assessed SC reactivity to a standard trauma interview (STI) in 63 participants recruited from Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, GA, approximately 1 year after trauma exposure. SC response (SCR) was calculated by subtracting the SC level (SCL) at the end of the baseline recording from the maximum SCL during the STI. RESULTS: SCL was significantly higher during the STI compared to baseline (P < .001), and individuals with PTSD showed significantly greater SCR than individuals without PTSD (P = .006). Logistic regression using SCR with PTSD diagnosis as the outcome showed an odds ratio of 1.76 (95% CI: 1.11-2.78). Lastly, higher SCR during the STI was also significantly associated with PTSD symptom total score controlling for demographics and trauma severity (b = 0.42, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated feasibility of the use of a mobile device for assessing psychophysiological reactivity in those with PTSD. The use of this low-cost, easy-to-use mobile device to collect objective physiological data in concert with a STI can be easily disseminated in clinical and research settings.
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New technological advances allow for low-burden measures of psychophysiology without need for specialized training.
“These new technological advances allow for low-burden measures of psychophysiology without need for specialized training (Hinrichs et al., 2017).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Hinrichs et al., 2017
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“Primary Outcome: Skin Conductance Autonomic nervous system activity was measured through the skin conductance (SC) while applying either dry needling or sham dry needling with the Mindfield eSense Skin Response hardware and software for iPad OS as it is shown to be a valid tool for assessing psychophysiological reacti…”
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Self-citationTechnological Advancements in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Detection: A Survey
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialPsychophysiological predictors of change in emotion dysregulation 6 months after traumatic injury
Fitzgerald, J. M., Timmer‐Murillo, S. C., Sheeran, C., Begg, H., Christoph, M., deRoon‐Cassini, T. A., & Larson, C. L. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.01.005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chae, J., Hwang, S., & Kang, Y. (2024) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2024.105784 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lathan, E. C., Guelfo, A., Barrie, D. L. L., Teer, A. P., Powers, A. D., Siegle, G. J., & Fani, N. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.028 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Meinhausen, C., Sanchez, G. J., Edmondson, D. E., Kronish, I. M., Schwartz, J. E., Hinrichs, R. C., Jovanović, T., & Sumner, J. A. (2023) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2023/6671337 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“SC reactivity to the trauma interview was calculated by subtracting the average SC level in microSiemens ( μ S) during the last 30 seconds of the baseline resting period from the maximum SC level ( μ S) during the trauma interview, as in prior mobile SC research [11, 32].”
Self-citationPropranolol failed to prevent severe stress-induced long-term behavioral changes in male rats
Careaga, M. B. L., Girardi, C. E. N., & Suchecki, D. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110079 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nedder, V. J., Breslin, M. A., Ho, V. P., & Vallier, H. A. (2024) · Journal of Trauma and Injury · doi:10.20408/jti.2023.0068 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Leveraging biosensors in clinical and research settings: a guide to device selection
Grasser, L. R. (2025) · NPP—Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s44277-025-00037-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“EDA in the immediate aftermath of trauma, for example, has been identi fi ed as a replicable predictor of severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms and odds of diagnosis 6 months later [11, 12].”
A Medical AI Agent as a Tool for Neuropsychiatric Diagnoses
Rao, K. N., Inguva, R., & Rao, A. (2020) · International Symposium on Measurement and Control in Robotics (ISMCR) · doi:10.1109/ismcr51255.2020.9263713 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Beutler, S., Franz, M., Daniels, J. K., Schellong, J., Weidner, K., & Croy, I. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116345 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…rate (HR), reduced HR variability (HRV; Ge et al., 2020; Nagpal et al., 2013; Schneider and Schwerdtfeger, 2020) or increased skin conductance (Hinrichs et al., 2017; van 't Wout et al., 2017; see Pole, 2007 for an overview), evidence for a physiological hypoarousal during PTSD-related…”
Emerging trends and clinical challenges in AI-enhanced emotion diagnosis using physiological data
Tsai, Y.-Y., Wu, G., Chen, Y.-J., Lin, K., Wu, J., Hsu, C., & Liao, L. (2025) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/s11517-025-03435-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Datta, S., An, X., Hinrichs, R. C., Jovanović, T., & McLean, S. A. (2020) · IEEE SoutheastCon · doi:10.1109/southeastcon44009.2020.9249727 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A previous analytic study [6-7] with eSense data for trauma survivors used four analytic variables for psychophysical analysis.”
MethodSelf-citationWetherell, S. (2023) · Annals of Psychophysiology · doi:10.29052/2412-3188.v9.i2.2022.67-75 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
DeClercq, J., Saad, B., Bazzi, C., Jovanović, T., Javanbakht, A., & Grasser, L. R. (2025) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23148 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…skin conductance response (SCR; i.e., the maximum amplitude recorded during the interview from which each individual’s baseline was subtracted to standardize across participants) according to previously published protocols (Grasser et al., 2022; Wiltshire et al., 2022; Hinrichs et al., 2017, 2019).”
António, H., Barros, C. A. F., de Castro, M. V., Oliveira, J., Gamito, P. S., Bouchard, S., & Pinto, R. J. (2025) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1177/21522715251394917 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This study con fi rmed lower HRV at baseline in FRs with probable PTSD, but not during the task, and SCL did not differentiate groups in either condition.”
InfluentialMolebatsi, K., Ng, L. C., & Chiliza, B. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-021-00904-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Individuals with PTSD have been shown to have greater skin conductance compared to those without PTSD [39].”
BackgroundRagsdale, K. A., Nichols, A., Watkins, L. E., McSweeney, L. B., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Bartlett, A., Unongo, M. H., Norrholm, S. D., Rauch, S. A. M., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2021) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.10.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBasarkod, S., Valbrun, S., Wiltshire, C., France, J. M., Davie, W., Winters, S., George, S. A., Stenson, A., & Jovanovic, T. (2024) · Journal of mood and anxiety disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2024.100061 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMeinhausen, C., Sanchez, G. J., Robles, T. F., Edmondson, D. E., Kronish, I. M., Hinrichs, R. C., Jovanović, T., & Sumner, J. A. (2023) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470231156571 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“, Berlin, Germany) on an iPad, as in previous research.(11,15) This brief (<15 min) SC measurement protocol was conducted by trained research coordinators.”
MethodSelf-citationBarrie, D. L. L., Perry, E. W., Packard, G. A., Hinrichs, R. C., Carter, S. E., & Self‐Brown, S. (2023) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2023.2231430 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat Does Large-scale Electrodermal Sensing Reveal?Preprint
McDuff, D., Thomson, S., Abdel-Ghaffar, S., Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., Poh, M., Sunshine, J., Barakat, A., Heneghan, C., & Sunden, L. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.22.581472 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Indeed, in emergency medical settings in the immediate aftermath of accidents and injuries, EDA been shown to be predictive of the development of psychiatric sequelae including PTSD [Hinrichs et al., 2017].”
BackgroundSprouting Tree for Physiological Stress Assessment Using Fuzzy Petri Net
Agarwal, P., Gupta, R., & Alam, M. A. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews · doi:10.2174/2666082218666220617164153 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-blame, posttraumatic stress, and cardiovascular reactivity among sexual trauma survivors.
Sinnott, S. M., Park, C. L., Pescatello, L., & Sharda, K. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3453 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cuenca‐Martínez, F., Rubio-Baños, A. I., Fuentes‐Aparicio, L., & Sempere‐Rubio, N. (2025) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2025.2496153 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This system has been shown to be reliable for the measurement of this excitatory sympathetic variable (Hinrichs et al., 2017).”
Effects of Negative Emotions and Personality Traits on Laryngeal and Speech Motor Control
Çınar, B., Yılmaz, G., Konrot, A. K., Zraick, R. I., Saraç, A. B., Eteş, H., & Deger, Z. K. (2025) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2025.05.032 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reffi, A., Jovanovic, T., Kalmbach, D., Pruiksma, K., Moore, D. A., Jankowiak, L., Hsieh, H.-F., Cheng, P., Basarkod, S., & Drake, C. L. (2026) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs16030443 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This method of SCL data collection has been externally validated against gold standard psychophysiological recording equipment in prior research (Hinrichs et al., 2017).”
InfluentialLongitudinal Associations Between Peritraumatic Oestradiol and Fear Responding in Women and Men
Ellis, R. A., Webber, T. K., Noble, N. C., Linnstaedt, S. D., Hinrichs, R. C., Wiltshire, C., Reda, M., Davie, W., House, S. L., Beaudoin, F. L., et al. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3522 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationRawn, K. P., & Keller, P. S. (2021) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2021.2007372 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Increased SCL in the recent aftermath of a traumatic event increases the likelihood of PTSD diagnosis over the long term (Hinrichs et al., 2019), and PTSD is related to greater SCL reactivity during a trauma interview (Hinrichs et al., 2017).”
BackgroundGrasser, L. R., Erjo, T., Goodwin, M. S., Naim, R., German, R. E., White, J., Cullins, L. M., Tseng, W., Stoddard, J., & Brotman, M. A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3396443/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mortezaei, S., Khanjani, S., Mohammadnejad, E., & Amjad, P. M. (2023) · Journal of Health and Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.34172/jhbmi.2023.01
- Authors
- Hinrichs, R., Michopoulos, V., Winters, S., Rothbaum, A. O., Rothbaum, B. O., Ressler, K. J., & Jovanovic, T.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta GA USA
- ORCID
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-02-21
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 502-507
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5466496
- OpenAlex
- W2589417566
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 6.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Research and Woodruff Health Sciences IT Division (UL1 TR000424)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (R01 MH094757, K12 HD085850, R21 MH106902)
- Brain and Behavior Research Foundation
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (HD085850)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH094757, MH106902)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, skin conductance response, psychophysiological reactivity, endophenotypes, PTSD symptom severity, trauma exposure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Feasibility Studies, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Interview, Psychological, Male, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Monitoring, Ambulatory, Mobile Applications
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