Arboreal ant abundance tracks primary productivity in an Amazonian whitewater river system
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Abstract Little is known about consumer productivity in the tropics despite the key feedbacks that animals impose on primary productivity. In the Amazon basin, seasonally flooded and unflooded forests exist side by side, and ants (Formicidae) dominate animal biomass. Although flooding has a direct negative effect on soil‐dwelling ants, it is less clear whether flooding has indirect effects on arboreal ants via associated changes in tree communities. To test whether seasonal inundation by whitewater affects arboreal ants, we investigated ant communities in adjacent flooded and unflooded forests along a major whitewater river in central‐western Amazonia. Whitewater‐flooded forest exhibits higher primary productivity than unflooded forest. We thus hypothesized that forest type would affect the productivity and the foraging traits of arboreal ants and that these changes would be mediated by increases in plant‐derived food for ants in flooded forest. We compared ant and plant communities between flooded‐ and unflooded‐forest transects along the Juruá River in Amazonas, Brazil. We collected, identified, and counted terrestrial and arboreal ants, and we measured ant traits with putative relationships to foraging strategy. We also identified plant stems to characterize the abundance of ant food rewards. Flooding negatively affected the diversity and abundance of terrestrial ants but did not change the diversity of arboreal ants. Arboreal ants were more abundant and exhibited higher biomass in flooded forest than in unflooded forest. Arboreal ant traits also suggested that ants may rely more heavily on plant‐derived food in flooded forest than in unflooded forest. These differences were associated with a higher abundance of plant stems predicted to contain ant food rewards in flooded forest than in unflooded forest. Our results indicate that the productivity of arboreal ants is affected by that of the underlying forest. Such effects may be mediated by the predominantly herbivorous foraging strategy of canopy ants, which would link ant populations closely to primary production and stoichiometry. Given ants’ important functional roles, these differences in ant productivity between forest types may have consequences for other arthropods and feedbacks to plants throughout the Amazon basin.
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Café Aman's high ant abundance suggests potentially higher food availability and a habitat more conducive to ant population dynamics.
“Among these cafeterias, Café Aman displays the highest ant abundance, suggesting potentially higher food availability, and it is a habitat more conducive to ant population dynamics (Pringle et al., 2019; Lach et al., 2020).”
From Controlling household ants in the field using coffee extract impregnated gel baits (2026) · cites this paper as Pringle et al., 2019
The Discussion reports higher arboreal ant abundance in more productive flooded forest and predicts greater availability of plant-derived food rewards there. This supports a cautious link between ant abundance and resources, but the study concerns Amazonian forests, not Café Aman or cafeteria habitats; it cannot establish that Café Aman has more food or is more conducive to ant populations. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Synthesis of the current state of ant knowledge in the Brazilian Amazon: a review
da Silva, W. B., Cajaíba, R. L., da Silva, W. B., & Périco, E. (2021) · Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais · doi:10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2021.005.0015
Non-Aquatic Fauna of Amazonian Floodplain Forests and its Responses to Seasonal Flooding
Pedroza, D., Cohn-Haft, M. E., & Haugaasen, T. (2025) · Wetlands · doi:10.1007/s13157-025-01970-4
A Synthesis of Ant Morphological Responses to Climate Change
Gibb, H., & Riskas, H. L. (2026) · Entomology in focus · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-21127-9_3
- Authors
- Pringle, E. G., Santos, T. F. D., Gonçalves, M. S., Hawes, J. E., Peres, C. A., & Baccaro, F. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas (BR)
- Anglia Ruskin University (GB)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal do Amazonas Manaus Brazil
- Corresponding author
- Pringle, Elizabeth G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Ecosphere
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 10
- ISSN
- 2150-8925 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2979831187
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Ecosphere (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Anglia Ruskin Research Online (Anglia Ruskin University) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Nevada, Reno
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (#309600/2017‐0)
- Anglia Ruskin University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Ecology and biodiversity studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
- Keywords
- arboreal ants, ants, primary productivity, seasonal flooding, Whitewater River, flooded forest, ant-plant interactions, plant stems, Juruá River, Amazon basin
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