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Cited by 0Advanced oxidation water treatmentWater Treatment and DisinfectionEnvironmental remediation with nanomaterials

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 94 of the 94 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 115 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Removal of adsorbable organic halides from wastewater: A review of advanced chemical and electrochemical processes

Open access
Carnevale Miino, Marco, Collivignarelli, Maria Cristina, Bellazzi, Stefano, Abbà, Alessandro, Baldi, Marco, Baltrocchi, Alberto Pietro Damiano, Rada, Elena Cristina, Torretta, Vincenzo·2025·Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy
DOI 10.1002/ep.70053
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Abstract

To overcome the current limitations of conventional technologies for removing adsorbable organic halides (AOX) from wastewater, advanced chemical and electrochemical processes are attracting interest. This work aims to systematically review the latest findings for the removal of AOX compounds from wastewater, discussing the current main gaps and proposing possible tips for future research. Fenton and photo‐Fenton, photocatalysis coupled with biological systems, and reductive processes showed encouraging results with up to 98%, 95%, and 75% of AOX mineralization, respectively. The analysis also highlighted that the studies were mainly carried out on real wastewater, but, except for Fenton and photo‐Fenton, lab scale conditions are often far from the realistic ones, representing a huge gap. In all studies, a very low amount of volume has been used with significant concerns about the reliability of results in case of full‐scale applications. For these reasons, the promising outcomes of chemical and electrochemical technologies for AOX removal should be fully validated before a possible application on real industrial and municipal wastewater treatment plants. In case of reductive processes, the reduction of approximately half of the AOX present in the wastewater needs days, which is not compatible with large‐scale application. Moreover, more studies are also needed to understand the actual toxicity of the treated effluent to estimate the potential detrimental effect of by‐products generated during the treatment. These results can be useful both for the scientific community and technical stakeholders to stimulate the scientific debate and increase awareness of these new approaches for AOX removal.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This systematic review examines advanced chemical and electrochemical processes for removing adsorbable organic halides (AOX) from wastewater, focusing on Fenton/photo-Fenton, photocatalysis coupled with biological systems, and reductive processes. It reports promising lab-scale AOX mineralization up to 98%, 95%, and 75%, respectively, but identifies major gaps in scale-up, small tested volumes, long reductive reaction times, and by-product toxicity.

Key findings

  • Fenton and photo-Fenton achieved up to 98% AOX degradation; UV use reduced iron consumption by up to over 90% without affecting performance, and photo-Fenton outperformed Fenton in selected studies (e.g., 90% vs. 80%, and 95% vs. 85%).
  • Photocatalysis coupled with biological systems reached up to 95% AOX degradation; integrated systems performed better than individual processes (e.g., >80% vs. almost 65% photocatalysis and 30% biodegradation; 95% vs. 72% and 41.4% after 7 h in another study).
  • Reductive processes showed up to 75% AOX removal depending on technology; UV/sulfite increased apparent degradation rates from 0.0059 to 0.0628 min⁻¹ when sulfite rose from 2.6 to 104.3 mM, Pd/Fe particles removed up to 50.7% after 15 days, and bioelectrochemical treatment improved from 60% to 70% when cathode potential decreased from −300 to −1000 mV.
  • Only 14 studies met the review criteria; all except SEL1 and SEL12 used real wastewater, tested volumes ranged from 0.05 to 0.5 L, and no full-scale AOX removal plants were identified, with only Fenton/photo-Fenton considered sufficiently mature for full-scale application.

Methods

  • The review followed PRISMA guidelines, searching Scopus for peer-reviewed English documents published after 2017 using keywords (“AOX” OR “adsorbent organic halogen” OR “organohalogens removal”) AND (“wastewater” OR “aqueous waste”) in abstract, title, and keywords; review articles were excluded.
  • After screening, 76 documents were selected in the first stage and 388 records excluded; a second screening left 14 documents, classified as Fenton/photo-Fenton (n = 8), photocatalysis coupled with biological systems (n = 3), and reduction technologies (n = 3).
  • The paper reports that no datasets were generated or analyzed, and data sharing is not applicable.

Limitations

  • The authors state that keyword choice may have introduced bias and limited the number of selected documents.
  • The authors state that studies are mainly lab-scale, use very low volumes (0.05–0.5 L), lack real case studies, and except for Fenton/photo-Fenton often use conditions far from realistic ones; reductive processes require days to reduce about half of AOX, and more studies are needed on treated-effluent toxicity and by-products.
  • Evident from the text: the review covers only 14 studies, with limited data for photocatalysis and reductive processes, no studies on municipal wastewater, leachates, or hospital wastewater, and no full-scale validation for AOX removal.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/ep.70053

Cites

94 of 94 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 115 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    Except for Fenton and photo-Fenton, lab scale conditions are often far from realistic ones.

    “except for Fenton and photo-Fenton, lab scale conditions are often far from the realistic ones, representing a huge gap”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The reviewed studies were mainly carried out on real wastewater.

    “The analysis also highlighted that the studies were mainly carried out on real wastewater”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingnone given

    In reductive processes, the reduction of approximately half of the AOX present in wastewater needs days.

    “In case of reductive processes, the reduction of approximately half of the AOX present in the wastewater needs days”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingcitation

    One of the most evident limitations of the current literature is the absence of studies on the effectiveness of advanced chemical and electrochemical treatments on municipal wastewater, leachates, and hospital wastewaters.

    “One of the most evident limitations of the current literature on the topic concerns the absence of studies on the effectiveness of advanced chemical and electrochemical treatments on matrices such as municipal wastewater, 58 leachates, 59 and hospital wastewaters 60”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [58]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [59]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [60]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Findingcitation

    SEL9, SEL10, and SEL11 demonstrated that high efficiencies (>80%) can be reached against AOX compounds by combining photocatalysis and biological treatments.

    “SEL9, SEL10, and SEL11 demonstrated that high efficiencies (>80%) can be reached against AOX compounds by combining photocatalysis and biological treatments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites SEL9

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites SEL10

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites SEL11

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one. 49
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 15
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 3

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    In all studies, a very low amount of volume has been used, raising significant concerns about the reliability of results in full-scale applications.

    “In all studies, a very low amount of volume has been used with significant concerns about the reliability of results in case of full-scale applications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Fenton and photo-Fenton, photocatalysis coupled with biological systems, and reductive processes showed encouraging results with up to 98%, 95%, and 75% of AOX mineralization, respectively.

    “Fenton and photo-Fenton, photocatalysis coupled with biological systems, and reductive processes showed encouraging results with up to 98%, 95%, and 75% of AOX mineralization, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    SEL4 proved that Fenton allowed for the removal of more than 60% of AOX and that the operating costs of heterogeneous Fenton with alternative material were up to 10% lower than those of conventional Fenton.

    “SEL4 proved that Fenton allowed for the removal of more than 60% of AOX and that the operating costs of the heterogeneous Fenton with alternative material were up to 10% lower than those of the conventional Fenton reaction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites SEL4

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    As proved in SEL11, the use of visible light for activating the catalyst could be a promising alternative, being UV the major source of electrical consumption in photocatalytic reactors.

    “As proved in SEL11, the use of visible light for activating the catalyst could be a promising alternative, being the UV the major source of electrical consumption in photocatalytic reactors.77”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites SEL11

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [77]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    In SEL5, the addition of Cu2+ proved to be not effective in improving the performance of Fenton process against AOX and synergistic effects between metals were excluded.

    “the addition of Cu 2+ proved to be not effective in improving the performance of Fenton process against AOX and synergistic effects between metals were excluded.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites SEL5

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    To date, SEL1 and SEL7 used only 0.25 L of wastewater while the other selected studies used 0.5 L, a very limited volume with respect to the real magnitude of the flowrate of industrial wastewater.

    “To date, SEL1 and SEL7 used only 0.25 L of wastewater while the other selected studies used 0.5 L, a very limited volume with respect to the real magnitude of the flowrate of industrial wastewater.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation

    In SEL13, activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant treating chemical dyestuff was tested for AOX degradation.

    “In SEL13, activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant treating chemical dyestuff was tested for AOX degradation”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites SEL13

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    After the first screening, 76 documents were selected while 388 records were excluded.

    “After this first screening 76 documents were selected while 388 records were excluded (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    In SEL2, photo-Fenton was evaluated as more economical than conventional Fenton, with an estimated cost of 0.45 € g−1 AOXremoved versus 0.78 € g−1 AOXremoved.

    “in SEL2, photo-Fenton was evaluated as more economical with respect to the conventional Fenton reaction, with an estimated cost of 0.45”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites SEL2

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    In SEL13, Pd/Fe particles at 10 g L−1 were used directly in the activated sludge reactor and up to 50.7% of AOX removal was achieved.

    “In SEL13, these particles (Pd/Fe: 10 g L À1 ) were used directly in the activated sludge reactor and up to 50.7% of removal”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites SEL13

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    In SEL11, almost 95% of AOX were degraded after 7 h of treatment with a bio-photocatalytic system, with respect to 72% and 41.4% of mineralization obtained in the same reaction time with photocatalysis and biodegradation alone, respectively.

    “Also in SEL11 almost 95% of AOX were degraded after 7 h of treatment with a bio-photocatalytic system with respect to the 72% and 41.4% of mineralization obtained in the same reaction time with photocatalysis and biodegradation alone, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites SEL11

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    In SEL3, in the best scenarios, 95% of AOX was removed with photo-Fenton versus 85% removed by Fenton without UV.

    “in the best scenarios, 95% of AOX was removed with photo-Fenton versus the 85% removed by Fenton without UV.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites SEL3

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    In SEL10, microorganisms influence AOX degradation, but this phenomenon was very limited.

    “In fact, microorganisms influence AOX degradation, but this phenomenon was very limited.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites SEL10

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    In SEL2, photo-Fenton was more effective than conventional Fenton: 90% versus 80% of AOX removed, respectively, with a lower amount of chemicals consumed.

    “According to the same study, photo-Fenton was more effective than conventional Fenton: 90% versus 80% of AOX removed, respectively, with a lower amount of chemicals consumed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites SEL2

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    An alkaline pH stimulates the reaction; raising the pH from 3 to 12 can enhance the rate of the reaction by one order of magnitude.

    “An alkaline pH stimulates the reaction; in fact, raising the pH from 3 to 12 can enhance the rate of the reaction by one order of magnitude.53”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Knowledge about the effectiveness of advanced technologies for AOX removal remains heterogeneous, with more studies on Fenton but few data on photocatalytic and reductive processes.

    “the knowledge about the effectiveness of these technologies for AOX removal remains heterogeneous, with more studies on Fenton but few data on photocatalytic and reductive processes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    SEL9, SEL10, and SEL11 were carried out on 0.3-0.45 L wastewater, a very limited volume.

    “considering that SEL9, SEL10, and SEL11 were carried out on 0.3-0.45L wastewater.This represents a very limited volume”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites SEL9

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites SEL10

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites SEL11

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingcitation

    In SEL14, technologies were involved in the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater.

    “while in SEL14, technologies were involved in the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites SEL14

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    As proved in SEL2, SEL3, SEL5, and SEL6, the use of UV rays can reduce the iron consumption by up to over 90% without affecting the performance of the Fenton reaction towards AOX.

    “As proved in SEL2, SEL3, SEL5, SEL6, the use of UV rays can reduce the iron consumption by up to over 90% without affecting the performance of the Fenton reaction towards AOX.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites SEL2

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites SEL3

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites SEL5

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    In SEL5 and SEL6, data on alternative (co)-catalysts are limited and results about the presence of a synergistic effect between two or more metals are quite contrasting.

    “given the limited amount of data and quite contrasting results about the presence of a synergistic effect between two or more metals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites SEL5

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites SEL6

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Except for SEL1, all studies have been made in conditions of temperature around 60 C and pH 2-2.5, very similar to real conditions for paper mill wastewater.

    “Except for SEL1, all studies have been made in conditions of temperature (around 60 C) and pH (2-2.5)very similar to real conditions for paper mill wastewater.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    In SEL6, Cu, Mn, and Co as co-catalysts in photo-Fenton gave similar performance to Fe2+-only in Fenton, but their lower reactivity to UV rays hindered the performance of photo-Fenton reactions.

    “These metals gave similar performance than using Fe 2+ -only in case of Fenton, but the lower reactivity to UV rays hindered the performance of photo-Fenton reactions.47”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites SEL6

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [47]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The 14 selected works were classified as Fenton and photo-Fenton (n = 8), photocatalysis coupled with biological systems (n = 3), and reduction technologies (n = 3).

    “These works have been classified based on the nature of the process: (i) Fenton and photo-Fenton (n = 8), (ii) photocatalysis coupled with biological systems (n = 3), and (iii) reduction technologies (n = 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    Photocatalysis combined with biological treatment systems has shown promising results (up to 95% oxidation of AOX), but the number of studies is still limited and those available were carried out on a laboratory scale.

    “The photocatalysis process combined with biological treatment systems has shown promising results (up to 95% oxidation of AOX) but the number of studies is still limited, and those available were carried out on a laboratory scale.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    It generally takes days for the reduction of approximately half of the AOX present in the treated matrix, with results up to 75% depending on the applied technologies.

    “The results showed that it generally takes days for the reduction of approximately half of the AOX present in the treated matrix, but results are promising (up to 75%) depending on the applied technologies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingnone given

    To date, no literature is available about real case studies of AOX removal; only lab-scale tests have been performed.

    “To date, no literature is available about real case studies, but only labscale tests have been performed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    In SEL14, reducing cathode potentials from −300 to −1000 mV improved AOX removal effectiveness from 60% to 70% and increased the AOX removal rate from 0.9 to 1.2 mg AOX h−1 in a real pharmaceutical wastewater.

    “in SEL14, the removal of AOX from a real pharmaceutical wastewater was assessed, highlighting that the reduction of the cathode potentials (from À300 to À1000 mV) improves the effectiveness of the process from 60% to 70% and enhances the removal rate of AOX from 0.9 to 1.2 mg AOX h À1 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Recent reduction studies (SEL12, SEL13, SEL14) are few and all were performed at laboratory scale on small volumes (from 0.05 L in SEL13 to 0.4 L in SEL14).

    “Recent studies are few (SEL12, SEL13, SEL14) and all performed at laboratory scale on small volumes (from 0.05 L in SEL13 to 0.4 L in SEL14).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingreasoning

    Studies of reduction processes are still in their infancy, with a limited number of studies and very small volumes tested.

    “Studies of reduction processes are still in their infancy with a situation similar to that already found for the photocatalysis approach integrated with biological systems: (i) limited number of studies (ii) very small volumes tested.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The time of days needed to reduce approximately half of the AOX in reductive processes is not compatible with large-scale application.

    “which is not compatible with large-scale application”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In the bleaching phase in which chlorine-based oxidants are used, about 8% of the chlorine is generally converted into AOX.

    “in this last phase in which chlorinebased oxidants are used, about 8% of the chlorine is generally converted into AOX.9”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The screening was made using the Scopus database to exclude not peer-reviewed documents.

    “To exclude not peer-reviewed documents, the screening was made using Scopus ® database.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    During the bleaching procedure, chlorine can react with lignin fibers, producing unwanted AOX compounds.

    “During the bleaching procedure, chlorine can react with lignin fibers, producing unwanted AOX compounds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisereasoning

    Paper mill wastewater is one of the major sources of AOX.

    “In fact, paper mill wastewater is one of the major sources of AOX.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Using real wastewater helps to better simulate real conditions with an initial concentration of AOX, presence of other pollutants, and chemical-physical parameters comparable with full-scale applications.

    “This represents a positive aspect because help to better simulate the real conditions with an initial concentration of AOX, presence of other pollutants and chemicalphysical parameters (e.g., pH) comparable with those that would occur in the case of full-scale applications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    The combination of metallic particles is a promising alternative solution for AOX removal.

    “The combination of metallic particles is a promising alternative solution for AO removal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    AOPs can represent a valid solution despite not being economically feasible for a complete AOX degradation.

    “AOPs can represent a valid solution despite not being economically feasible for a complete AOX degradation.76”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The consumption of H2O2 in the Fenton reaction improves with the increase of temperature, determining an intensified production of OH and therefore stimulating the reaction of mineralization.

    “the consumption of H 2 O 2 in the Fenton reaction improves with the increase of temperature, determining an intensified production of OH, and therefore stimulating the reaction of mineralization.66”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Adsorption technologies have the disadvantage of non-selectivity, especially for activated carbons, which determines the need for preliminary treatments to avoid a competitive effect with other pollutants.

    “the non-selectivity, especially for activated carbons, which determines the need for preliminary treatments to avoid a competitive effect with other pollutants present in the matrix to be treated”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [25]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Challenges remain for adsorption, such as the need for a large amount of adsorbent when AOX concentration is high and difficulties in subsequently destroying AOX contaminants.

    “some challenges still remain, such as the need for a large amount of adsorbent when the concentration of AOX is high and the difficulties in subsequently destroying AOX contaminants.25”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    The removal of AOX with advanced oxidation could sometimes be negatively affected due to the saline environment in industrial wastewater.

    “the removal of AOX with advanced oxidation could sometimes be negatively affected due to the saline environment in industrial wastewater.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Adsorption technologies have high cost due to the use of virgin material and the need to dispose or regenerate the exhausted material.

    “the high cost due to the use of virgin and the need to dispose/ regenerate the exhausted material.24,25”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [25]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Yankovych et al. and Xu et al. reported feasible approaches for removing AOX from industrial streams but did not focus specifically on recent applications.

    “Yankovych et al. 7 and Xu et al. 25 reported of the feasible approaches for removing AOX from industrial streams but did not focus specifically on recent applications of”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Yankovych et al. 7

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Xu et al. 25

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Esmaeeli et al. and Gupta and Kapoor discussed recent advances in technologies for treating pulp and paper mill wastewater but without focusing on treatments that specifically remove AOX.

    “Esmaeeli et al. 9 and Gupta and Kapoor 40 discussed the recent advances in technologies for treating pulp and paper mill wastewater but without focusing on treatments that specifically remove AOX.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Esmaeeli et al. 9

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Gupta and Kapoor 40

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The literature was selected and screened according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.

    “The literature has been selected and screened according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.41”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    In the case of pulp and paper mill, the high temperature of the released wastewater represents an advantage for AOX degradation.

    “In the case of pulp and paper mill, the high temperature of the released wastewater represents an advantage for AOX degradation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    The use of chemical reduction processes is attracting more and more interest for AOX removal.

    “Among the other advanced technologies for AOX removal, the use of chemical reduction processes is attracting more and more interest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Interest has moved to advanced oxidation and reductive technologies that can generally grant fast removal of AOX, including high molecular weight compounds, and effective degradation of unsaturated bonds in aromatic compounds.

    “the interest has moved to advanced oxidation and reductive technologies that can generally grant a fast removal of AOX (also of high molecular weight compounds) and the effective degradation of unsaturated bonds in aromatic compounds.25,29”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [25]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [29]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The main disadvantages of Fenton processes are high costs due to the addition of chemicals and the production of chemical sludge that needs to be disposed of.

    “the main disadvantages of Fenton processes are the high costs due to (i) the addition of chemicals, and (ii) the production of chemical sludge that needs to be disposed of.67”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The Fenton process involves more than 20 chemical reactions and leads to the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH•).

    “Fenton process involves more than 20 chemical reactions and leads to the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH • ), which are powerful oxidants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [61]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [62]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [63]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    In photo-Fenton, the use of ultraviolet rays improves performance, limits the consumption of Fe2+, and therefore reduces the production of chemical sludge.

    “the use of ultraviolet (UV) rays improves the performance, limits the consumption of Fe 2+ , and therefore reduces the production of chemical sludge.68”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Generally, the first metal has a low standard redox potential (i.e., Fe) and acts as an electron donor for the reduction of AOX while the second metal (i.e., Pd) has a high standard redox potential and acts as promoter of reaction.

    “Generally, the first metal has a low standard redox potential (i.e., Fe) and acts as an electron donor for the reduction of AOX while the second metal (i.e., Pd) has a high standard redox potential and acts as promoter of reaction.82”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Photocatalysis is based on the absorption of UV light by metal oxides such as TiO2, Fe2O3, ZrO2, and NiFe2O4.

    “Generally, photocatalysis is based on the absorption of UV light by metal oxides such as TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , NiFe 2 O 4 .72,73”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [72]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [73]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Both hydroxyl radicals and hydrated electrons are characterized by high reactivity and non-selectivity.

    “Both radicals are characterized by a high reactivity and non-selectivity.35,39”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [39]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    AOX still represents an issue in pharmaceutical wastewater due to the limited number of studies in the literature and the use of organic halogens in pharmaceuticals production.

    “AOX still represents an issue due to the limited number of studies in the literature and the use of organic halogens in pharmaceuticals production even today.6”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Even if ClO2 delignification is highly selective, free chlorine is still generated and, reacting with lignin and hexenuronic acid, determines the production of AOX.

    “ClO 2 replaced the use of Cl 2 and NaClO, but even if the ClO 2 delignification process is highly selective, free chlorine is still generated and, reacting with lignin and hexenuronic acid, determines the production of AOX.56,57”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [56]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [57]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Reductive processes are based on the production of hydrated electrons eaq− that have a standard reduction potential of about −2.9 V and represent one of the most promising reducing radicals.

    “the reductive processes are based on the production of hydrated electrons e aq À that have a standard reduction potential of about À2.9 V and represent one of the most promising reducing radicals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [34]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [35]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [36]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The catalyst is irradiated to excite and move electrons from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving electron-holes which can directly oxidize organic substances or take part in the production of OH•.

    “The catalyst is irradiated in order to excite and move the electrons from the valence band to the conduction band.This phenomenon leaves electron-holes which can directly oxidize the organic substances or take part in the production of OH • .74”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    In bioelectrochemical systems, AOX can be reduced directly on the electrode surface, while H2 produced during water electrolysis and the degradation of organic compounds acts as an electron donor.

    “In these systems, AOX can be reduced directly on the electrode surface, while at the same time, H 2 produced during water-electrolysis and the degradation of organic compounds acts as an electron donor.55”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductown data

    After all screenings, 14 documents remained and were considered for the critical review.

    “After all screenings, 14 documents remained and were considered for the critical review.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    For photoelectrocatalysis coupled with biological degradation and reductive processes, process maturity has not yet been reached for large-scale application, and no industrial-scale plants for AOX removal exist.

    “In the case of photoelectrocatalysis coupled with biological degradation and reductive processes, a process maturity has not yet been reached that can determine a large-scale application and, according to the best of the authors' knowledge, no industrial scale plants for AOX removal exist.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The choice of keywords may have represented a limitation that could have led to a bias in the selected documents, limiting the number compared to those actually available.

    “As with any other systematic review, it should be noted that the choice of keywords may have represented a limitation that could have led to a bias in the selected documents, limiting the number compared to those actually available.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Advanced oxidation and reduction reactions transform molecules, and the presence of other polluting molecules besides AOX could cause the formation of unwanted reaction by-products which, if toxic, can have a deleterious effect on health and the environment.

    “Advanced oxidation and reduction reactions determine the transformation of molecules, and the presence of other polluting molecules, in addition to AOX, could be the cause of the formation of unwanted reaction by-products which, if toxic, can have a deleterious effect on health and the environment.84,85”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [84]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [85]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Reduction processes have demonstrated promising results in the mineralization of AOX, but the technologies are not yet mature for potential full-scale application.

    “The reduction processes demonstrated promising results in the mineralization of AOX even if the technologies are not yet mature for potential full-scale application 83”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [83]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

64 of 64

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • SEL13 particle dosage differs from Table 4

    Major

    The text gives the SEL13 Pd/Fe particle dosage as 10 g L À1, whereas Table 4 gives 15 g L À1.

  • SEL13 reaction time differs from Table 4

    Minor

    The text says SEL13 achieved its reported removal after 15 days; Table 4 lists a reaction time of 10 days.

  • UV claim conflicts with SEL5 removal results

    Minor

    The text says UV did not affect AOX-removal performance in SEL5, but Table 2 reports 80-85% for Fenton and 60-65% for photo-Fenton in that study.

  • SEL14 treatment volume differs from Table 4

    Minor

    The text identifies 0.4 L as the volume used in SEL14, but Table 4 lists 0.1 L for SEL14. The table assigns 0.4 L to SEL12 instead.

4 of 4

Citations

Cites

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Cited by

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Related

Metadata

Authors
Carnevale Miino, M., Collivignarelli, M. C., Bellazzi, S., Abbà, A., Baldi, M., Baltrocchi, A. P. D., Rada, E. C., & Torretta, V.
Affiliations
  • Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences University of Insubria Varese Italy
  • University of Pavia (IT)
  • University of Brescia (IT)
  • University of Insubria (IT)
ORCID
Venue
Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2025-07-15
Volume
44
Issue
5
ISSN
  • 1944-7442 (ISSN-L)
  • 1944-7450
DOI
10.1002/ep.70053
OpenAlex
W4412456858
Cited by
0
References
90
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Institutional Research Information System (Università degli Studi di Brescia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
Keywords
adsorbable organic halides, AOX removal, wastewater treatment, Fenton oxidation, photo-Fenton, photocatalysis, biological treatment, mineralization, electrochemical treatment, scale-up

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