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Cited by 218Environmental Toxicology and EcotoxicologyPesticide and Herbicide Environmental StudiesAgricultural safety and regulations

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Synergistic toxicity of atrazine and organophosphate insecticides contravenes the response addition mixture model

Pape-Lindstrom, Pamela A, Lydy, Michael J·1997·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
DOI 10.1002/etc.5620161130
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Abstract

A toxic unit (TU) approach was used to test the response addition model for mixtures of pesticides with differing modes of action. Atrazine was tested in binary and ternary combinations with the organochlorine insecticide methoxychlor and organophosphate insecticide methyl-parathion. Atrazine was also tested in binary combinations with additional organophosphates. The TU for atrazine was set slightly below its water solubility limits (TU = 20 ppm), which is well below its 96-h 50% effective concentration for the fourth instar of the midge, Chironomus tentans. In 96-h acute toxicity tests using C. tentans, atrazine was found to produce synergistic (greater than additive) toxicity in a binary mixture with methyl-parathion. Less than additive toxicity was found for the combination of atrazine with methoxychlor (likely due to the low TU assigned to atrazine). The ternary combination of atrazine + methyl-parathion + methoxychlor was found to be marginally synergistic. Results of toxicity tests with atrazine in binary combinations with other organophosphates indicate more than additive toxicity for all compounds except mevinophos. Possible hypotheses are presented in an attempt to explain the noted synergistic relationship between atrazine and various organophosphorous insecticides. These results suggest that the response addition model does not always accurately predict mixture toxicity for chemicals with differing modes of action.

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Research works printed but not linked: 9

  1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidelines for the health risk assessment of chemical mixtures, Fed. Reg., 51, 34014
  2. Hermens, 1989, Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 2—Reactions and Processes, 111
  3. Broderius, 1990, Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment, 107
  4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993, Standard operating procedures for laboratory cultures of EChironomus tentans
  5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991, Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to freshwater and marine organisms
  6. Lydy, 1990, Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment, 140
  7. Detra, 1982, Organophosphate toxicology of larval Chironomus riparius Meigen (=thummi Kiffer) (Diptera: Chironomidae)
  8. Anderson, 1975, The toxicity to aquatic populations of mixtures containing certain heavy metals, 933
  9. DuBois, 1961, Potentiation of the toxicity of organophosphorous compounds, Adv. Pest Control Res., 4, 117

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Metadata

Authors
Pape-Lindstrom, P. A., & Lydy, M. J.
Affiliations
Wichita State University (US)
Corresponding author
Lydy, Michael J
ORCID
Lydy, Michael J
Venue
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1997-11-01
Volume
16
Issue
11
Pages
2415-2420
ISSN
  • 0730-7268 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-8618
DOI
10.1002/etc.5620161130
OpenAlex
W2166679627
Cited by
218
References
39
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
FWCI
3.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (publishedVersion)
  • Holmes Museum Of Anthropology (Wichita State University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
Keywords
atrazine, organophosphate insecticides, methyl parathion, methoxychlor, pesticide mixtures, synergistic toxicity, toxic units, Chironomus tentans, midges, acute toxicity, mixture toxicity prediction

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