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Cited by 150Botanical Research and ApplicationsFood Science and Nutritional StudiesPomegranate: compositions and health benefits

Beetroot as a functional food with huge health benefits: Antioxidant, antitumor, physical function, and chronic metabolomics activity

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Chen, Liping, Zhu, Yuankang, Hu, Zijing, Wu, Shengjie, Jin, Chengtao·2021·Food Science & Nutrition
DOI 10.1002/fsn3.2577PMC PMC8565237
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Abstract

Previously, beetroot is mainly consumed as a food additive. In recent years, the beetroot, especially the betalains (betanin) and nitrates it contains, now has received increasing attention for their effective biological activity. Betalains have been proven to eliminate oxidative and nitrative stress by scavenging DPPH, preventing DNA damage, and reducing LDL. It also has been found to exert antitumor activity by inhibiting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, inducing cell apoptosis, and autophagy. In some chronic diseases, nitrate is the main component for lowing blood lipids, glucose, and pressure, while its role in treating hypertension and hyperglycemia has not been clearly stated. Moreover, the intake of nitrate‐rich beetroot could enhance athletic performance and attenuate muscle soreness in certain types of exercise. The objective of this review is to provide sufficient evidence for the clarification of health benefits of beetroot, especially in the aspect of biooxidation, neoplastic diseases, some chronic diseases, and energy supplementation.

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  • Beetroot is one of the richest dietary sources of inorganic nitrate (250-400 mg/100 g fresh weight), depending on agronomic and storage conditions.

    “Depending on agronomic and storage conditions, it is also one of the richest dietary sources of inorganic nitrate (250–400 mg/100 g fresh weight) [80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [86]

    The Introduction gives beetroot’s nitrate content as 25 mg per 100 g wet weight, contrary to the claimed 250–400 mg per 100 g fresh weight. The paper describes beetroot as nitrate-rich, but the cited passages do not give agronomic or storage conditions as the reason for that claimed range. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Beetroot's high nitrate content supports the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, thereby improving vascular function and oxygen utilisation.

    “Its high nitrate content supports the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, thereby improving vascular function and oxygen utilisation [86,93].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [86]

    In “Effect on blood lipids, glucose, and pressure” (page unavailable), the review describes oral bacteria converting beetroot nitrate to nitrite and links that conversion to vascular protection. “Improve exercise performance” (page unavailable) describes subsequent conversion to nitric oxide, greater oxygen delivery, and a lower oxygen cost after blood donation. It does not establish improved oxygen utilisation as a general consequence; the oxygen findings are condition-specific, and the review also reports null exercise findings. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Beetroot phytochemicals can counteract some of these effects by reducing oxidative stress and stabilising NO intermediates.

    “Beetroot phytochemicals can counteract some of these effects by reducing oxidative stress and stabilising NO intermediates [77,86].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [86]

    The Antioxidant activity section reports that beetroot compounds counteract oxidative stress and that betanin inhibits a reaction involving peroxynitrite. The Improve exercise performance section describes nitrate conversion to nitrite, nitric oxide and other nitrogen-active intermediates, but does not say beetroot phytochemicals stabilise NO intermediates. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Nitrate-rich vegetables contain antioxidants (e.g., vitamin C, polyphenols and betalains) that preserve NO bioactivity and improve endothelial function.

    “nitrate-rich vegetables also contain antioxidants (e.g., vitamin C, polyphenols and betalains) that preserve NO bioactivity and improve endothelial function [86,101,145].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [86]

    The Antioxidant activity section (page unavailable) says beetroot contains antioxidant betanin, polyphenols and a small quantity of vitamin C. The Other activities section (page unavailable) reports improved vascular function after beetroot juice intake in a specific population. Neither passage establishes that these antioxidants preserve NO bioactivity or cause the vascular improvement, and the paper discusses beetroot rather than nitrate-rich vegetables generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The effects of nitrate are generally more pronounced when nitrate is consumed in whole foods rather than in the form of isolated salts, highlighting the importance of the food matrix.

    “The effects are generally more pronounced when nitrate is consumed in whole foods rather than in the form of isolated salts, which highlights the importance of the food matrix [13,86].”

    From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [86]

    The ‘Improve exercise performance’ and ‘Effect on blood lipids, glucose, and pressure’ sections describe effects of nitrate-rich beetroot, but do not compare whole-food nitrate with isolated nitrate salts. Searches for ‘food matrix,’ ‘isolated salts,’ and beetroot–sodium nitrate comparisons found no passage establishing that whole foods generally have stronger effects. (LLM, conf=0.73)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Research works printed but not linked: 114

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Authors
Chen, L., Zhu, Y., Hu, Z., Wu, S., & Jin, C.
Affiliations
  • Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (CN)
  • Wenzhou Medical University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Wu, Shengjie
  • Jin, Chengtao
ORCID
Venue
Food Science & Nutrition
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2021-09-09
Volume
9
Issue
11
Pages
6406-6420
ISSN
2048-7177 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1002/fsn3.2577
PMC
PMC8565237
OpenAlex
W3201058723
Cited by
150
References
125
Citations by year
2026: 36 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1 · 2017: 1
FWCI
1.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Food Science & Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Botanical Research and Applications
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food Science and Nutritional Studies
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Pomegranate: compositions and health benefits
Keywords
beetroot, betalains, betanin, nitrate, functional foods, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, oxidative stress, DNA damage, LDL cholesterol, angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, chronic disease, hypertension, hyperglycemia, athletic performance, muscle soreness, energy supplementation

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