Mek/ERK1/2‐MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling plays both independent and cooperative roles in Schwann cell differentiation, myelination and dysmyelination

Abstract

Multiple signals are involved in the regulation of developmental myelination by Schwann cells and in the maintenance of a normal myelin homeostasis throughout adult life, preserving the integrity of the axons in the PNS. Recent studies suggest that Mek/ERK1/2‐MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR intracellular signaling pathways play important, often overlapping roles in the regulation of myelination in the PNS. In addition, hyperactivation of these signaling pathways in Schwann cells leads to a late onset of various pathological changes in the sciatic nerves. However, it remains poorly understood whether these pathways function independently or sequentially or converge using a common mechanism to facilitate Schwann cell differentiation and myelin growth during development and in causing pathological changes in the adult animals. To address these questions, we analyzed multiple genetically modified mice using simultaneous loss‐ and constitutive gain‐of‐function approaches. We found that during development, the Mek/ERK1/2‐MAPK pathway plays a primary role in Schwann cell differentiation, distinct from mTOR. However, during active myelination, ERK1/2 is dependent on mTOR signaling to drive the growth of the myelin sheath and regulate its thickness. Finally, our data suggest that peripheral nerve pathology during adulthood caused by hyperactivation of Mek/ERK1/2‐MAPK or PI3K is likely to be independent or dependent on mTOR‐signaling in different contexts. Thus, this study highlights the complexities in the roles played by two major intracellular signaling pathways in Schwann cells that affect their differentiation, myelination, and later PNS pathology and predicts that potential therapeutic modulation of these pathways in PNS neuropathies could be a complex process.