CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 44Schizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health and PsychiatryNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

The structural neuroanatomy of metacognitive insight in schizophrenia and its psychopathological and neuropsychological correlates

Open access
Spalletta, Gianfranco, Piras, Fabrizio, Piras, Federica, Caltagirone, Carlo, Orfei, Maria Donata·2014·Human Brain Mapping
DOI 10.1002/hbm.22507PMC PMC6869551
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Lack of insight into illness is a multidimensional phenomenon that has relevant implications on clinical course and therapy compliance. Here, we focused on metacognitive insight in schizophrenia, that is, the ability to monitor one's changes in state of mind and sensations, with the aim of investigating its neuroanatomical, psychopathological, and neuropsychological correlates. Fifty‐seven consecutive patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition, Text Revision) diagnosis of schizophrenia were administered the Insight Scale, and comprehensive psychopathological and neuropsychological batteries. They underwent a high‐resolution T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes were analyzed on a voxel‐by‐voxel basis using Statistical Parametric Mapping 8. Reduced metacognitive insight was related to reduced GM volumes in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and insula, and bilateral premotor area and putamen. Further, it was related to reduced WM volumes of the right superior longitudinal fasciculum, left corona radiata, left forceps minor, and bilateral cingulum. Increased metacognitive insight was related to increased depression severity and attentional control impairment, while the latter was related to increased GM volumes in brain areas linked to metacognitive insight. Results of this study suggest that prefrontal GM and WM bundles, all implied in cognitive control and self‐reflection, may be the neuroanatomical correlates of metacognitive insight in schizophrenia. Further, higher metacognitive insight is hypothesized to be a risk factor for depression which may subsequently impair attention. This line of research may provide the basis for the development of cognitive interventions aimed at improving self‐monitoring and compliance to treatment. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4729–4740, 2014 . © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/hbm.22507

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Cingulum FA correlations with executive function are more consistent in schizophrenia than in ASD.

    “Arguably, more consistent cingulum FA correlations with executive function have been found in schizophrenia (Kubicki et al., 2009; Spalletta et al., 2014; Takei et al., 2009; see Table 2).”

    From The cingulum bundle: Anatomy, function, and dysfunction (2018) · cites this paper as Spalletta et al., 2014

    The Results report correlations between cingulum white-matter volume and metacognitive insight in patients with schizophrenia, not between cingulum fractional anisotropy (FA) and executive function. The Methods describe T1-weighted volumetric imaging, and the Discussion does not compare schizophrenia with ASD on the claimed correlation. Searches for cingulum FA, executive function, and ASD did not locate that comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 101 · Cited by 44

Research works printed but not linked: 97

  1. Abdul‐Rahman MF, Qiu A, Sim K (2011): Regionally specific white matter disruptions of fornix and cingulum in schizophrenia. PLoS One 6:e18652. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aleman A, Agrawal N, Morgan KD, David AS (2006): Insight in psychosis and neuropsychological function: Meta‐analysis. Br J Psychiatry 189:204–212. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Amador X, Strauss D (1993): Poor insight in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Q 64:305–318. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Amador XF, Gorman JM (1998): Psychopathologic domains and insight in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin Northern Am 21:27–42. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. APA (2000): Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, DSM‐IV‐TR. Washington: APA. [Google Scholar]
  6. Ashburner J (2007): A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage 38:95–113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ashburner J, Friston KJ (2005): Unified segmentation. Neuroimage 26:839–851. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Austin MP, Mitchell P, Goodwin GM (2001): Cognitive deficits in depression: Possible implications for functional neuropathology. Br J Psychiatry 178:200–206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Badre D, Hoffman J, Cooney JW, D'Esposito M (2009): Hierarchical cognitive control deficits following damage to the human frontal lobe. Nat Neurosci 12:515–522. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Badre D, Wagner AD (2004): Selection, integration, and conflict monitoring; assessing the nature and generality of prefrontal cognitive control mechanisms. Neuron 41:473–487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Badre D, Wagner AD (2005): Frontal lobe mechanisms that resolve proactive interference. Cereb Cortex 15:2003–2012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Badre D, Wagner AD (2006): Computational and neurobiological mechanisms underlying cognitive flexibility. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:7186–7191. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Badre D, Wagner AD (2007): Left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the cognitive control of memory. Neuropsychologia 45:2883–2901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Barrett EA, Sundet K, Faerden A, Agartz I, Bratlien U, Romm KL, Mork E, Rossberg JI, Steen NE, Andreassen OA, et al. (2010): Suicidality in first episode psychosis is associated with insight and negative beliefs about psychosis. Schizophr Res 123:257–262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bassitt DP, Neto MR, de Castro CC, Busatto GF (2007): Insight and regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 257:58–62. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Beck AT, Baruch E, Balter JM, Steer RA, Warman DM (2004): A new instrument for measuring insight: The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale. Schizophr Res 68:319–329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bergouignan L, Chupin M, Czechowska Y, Kinkingnehun S, Lemogne C, Le Bastard G, Lepage M, Garnero L, Colliot O, Fossati P (2009): Can voxel based morphometry, manual segmentation and automated segmentation equally detect hippocampal volume differences in acute depression? Neuroimage 45:29–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bora E, Erkan A, Kayahan B, Veznedaroglu B (2007): Cognitive insight and acute psychosis in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 61:634–639. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Boyer L, Aghababian V, Richieri R, Loundou A, Padovani R, Simeoni MC, Auquier P, Lancon C (2012): Insight into illness, neurocognition and quality of life in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 36:271–276. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Buchy L, Czechowska Y, Chochol C, Malla A, Joober R, Pruessner J, Lepage M (2010): Toward a model of cognitive insight in first‐episode psychosis: Verbal memory and hippocampal structure. Schizophr Bull 36:1040–1049. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Buchy L, Luck D, Czechowska Y, Malla A, Joober R, Lepage M (2012): Diffusion tensor imaging tractography of the fornix and belief confidence in first‐episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 137:80–84. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Buchy L, Malla A, Joober R, Lepage M (2009): Delusions are associated with low self‐reflectiveness in first‐episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 112:187–191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Bunge SA, Ochsner KN, Desmond JE, Glover GH, Gabrieli JD (2001): Prefrontal regions involved in keeping information in and out of mind. Brain 124:2074–2086. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Burianova H, Grady CL (2007): Common and unique neural activations in autobiographical, episodic, and semantic retrieval. J Cogn Neurosci 19:1520–1534. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Carlesimo GA, Caltagirone C, Gainotti G (1996): The Mental Deterioration Battery: Normative data, diagnostic reliability and qualitative analyses of cognitive impairment. The Group for the Standardization of the Mental Deterioration Battery. Eur Neurol 36:378–384. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Clark KA, Nuechterlein KH, Asarnow RF, Hamilton LS, Phillips OR, Hageman NS, Woods RP, Alger JR, Toga AW, Narr KL (2011): Mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy as indicators of disease and genetic liability to schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 45:980–988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Clark L, Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ (2009): Neurocognitive mechanisms in depression: Implications for treatment. Annu Rev Neurosci 32:57–74. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Cooke M, Peters E, Fannon D, Anilkumar AP, Aasen I, Kuipers E, Kumari V (2007): Insight, distress and coping styles in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 94:12–22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Cooke MA, Fannon D, Kuipers E, Peters E, Williams SC, Kumari V (2008): Neurological basis of poor insight in psychosis: A voxel‐based MRI study. Schizophr Res 103:40–51. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Critchley H, Seth A (2012): Will studies of macaque insula reveal the neural mechanisms of self‐awareness? Neuron 74:423–426. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Critchley HD, Wiens S, Rotshtein P, Ohman A, Dolan RJ (2004): Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nat Neurosci 7:189–195. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Crumlish N, Whitty P, Kamali M, Clarke M, Browne S, McTigue O, Lane A, Kinsella A, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E (2005): Early insight predicts depression and attempted suicide after 4 years in first‐episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 112:449–455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. David AS (1990): Insight and psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 156:798–808. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Ehrsson HH, Spence C, Passingham RE (2004): That's my hand! Activity in premotor cortex reflects feeling of ownership of a limb. Science 305:875–877. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Erickson M, Jaafari N, Lysaker P (2011): Insight and negative symptoms as predictors of functioning in a work setting in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 189:161–165. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. First M, Spitzer R, Gibbon M, Williams J (2002): Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV‐TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID‐I/P). New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute. [Google Scholar]
  37. Flashman LA, McAllister TW, Johnson SC, Rick JH, Green RL, Saykin AJ (2001): Specific frontal lobe subregions correlated with unawareness of illness in schizophrenia: A preliminary study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 13:255–257. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975): "Mini‐mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12:189–198. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Ghahremani DG, Lee B, Robertson CL, Tabibnia G, Morgan AT, De Shetler N, Brown AK, Monterosso JR, Aron AR, Mandelkern MA, Poldrack RA, London ED (2012): Striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptors mediate response inhibition and related activity in frontostriatal neural circuitry in humans. J Neurosci 32:7316–7324. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Gilbert AR, Moore GJ, Keshavan MS, Paulson LA, Narula V, Mac Master FP, Stewart CM, Rosenberg DR (2000): Decrease in thalamic volumes of pediatric patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder who are taking paroxetine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:449–456. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Glantz LA, Lewis DA (2000): Decreased dendritic spine density on prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57:65–73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Ha TH, Youn T, Ha KS, Rho KS, Lee JM, Kim IY, Kim SI, Kwon JS (2004): Gray matter abnormalities in paranoid schizophrenia and their clinical correlations. Psychiatry Res 132:251–260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Hasson‐Ohayon I, Kravetz S, Roe D, David AS, Weiser M (2006): Insight into psychosis and quality of life. Compr Psychiatry 47:265–269. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Hazlett HC, Poe MD, Gerig G, Smith RG, Piven J (2006): Cortical gray and white brain tissue volume in adolescents and adults with autism. Biol Psychiatry 59:1–6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Hazlett HC, Poe MD, Gerig G, Styner M, Chappell C, Smith RG, Vachet C, Piven J (2011): Early brain overgrowth in autism associated with an increase in cortical surface area before age 2 years. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68:467–476. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Iosifescu DV (2012): The relation between mood, cognition and psychosocial functioning in psychiatric disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 22 Suppl 3:S499–S504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Jaspers K (1963): General Psychopatology. Hamilton JHaM, translator. Manchester: Manchester University Press. [Google Scholar]
  48. Johnson SC, Baxter LC, Wilder LS, Pipe JG, Heiserman JE, Prigatano GP (2002): Neural correlates of self‐reflection. Brain 125:1808–1814. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Karow A, Pajonk FG (2006): Insight and quality of life in schizophrenia: Recent findings and treatment implications. Curr Opin Psychiatry 19:637–641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987): The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 13:261–276. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Kjaer TW, Nowak M, Lou HC (2002): Reflective self‐awareness and conscious states: PET evidence for a common midline parietofrontal core. Neuroimage 17:1080–1086. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Koren D, Seidman LJ, Poyurovsky M, Goldsmith M, Viksman P, Zichel S, Klein E (2004): The neuropsychological basis of insight in first‐episode schizophrenia: A pilot metacognitive study. Schizophr Res 70:195–202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Koriat A, Goldsmith M (1996): Monitoring and control processes in the strategic regulation of memory accuracy. Psychol Rev 103:490–517. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Kostopoulos P, Albanese MC, Petrides M (2007): Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and tactile memory disambiguation in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:10223–10228. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Kostopoulos P, Petrides M (2008): Left mid‐ventrolateral prefrontal cortex: Underlying principles of function. Eur J Neurosci 27:1037–1049. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Kurtz MM, Tolman A (2011): Neurocognition, insight into illness and subjective quality‐of‐life in schizophrenia: What is their relationship? Schizophr Res 127:157–162. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Laroi F, Fannemel M, Ronneberg U, Flekkoy K, Opjordsmoen S, Dullerud R, Haakonsen M (2000): Unawareness of illness in chronic schizophrenia and its relationship to structural brain measures and neuropsychological tests. Psychiatry Res 100:49–58. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Liemburg EJ, van der Meer L, Swart M, Curcic‐Blake B, Bruggeman R, Knegtering H, Aleman A (2012): Reduced connectivity in the self‐processing network of schizophrenia patients with poor insight. PLoS One 7:e42707. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Lucas JA, Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, Bohac DL, Tangalos EG, Graff‐Radford NR, Petersen RC (1998): Mayo's older Americans normative studies: Category fluency norms J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 20:194–200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Marková IS, Berrios GE (1992): The assessment of insight in clinical psychiatry: A new scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 86:159–164. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Marková IS, Roberts KH, Gallagher C, Boos H, McKenna PJ, Berrios GE (2003): Assessment of insight in psychosis: A re‐standardization of a new scale. Psychiatry Res 119:81–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. McClintock SM, Husain MM, Greer TL, Cullum CM (2010): Association between depression severity and neurocognitive function in major depressive disorder: A review and synthesis. Neuropsychology 24:9–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Measso G, Caverzeran F, Zappalá G, Lebowitz BD, Crook TH, Pirozzolo FJ, Amaducci L, Masari D, Grigoletto F (1993): The mini‐mental state examination: Normative study of an Italian random sample. Dev Neuropsychol 9:77–85. [Google Scholar]
  64. Miller EK, Cohen JD (2001): An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annu Rev Neurosci 24:167–202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Modinos G, Ormel J, Aleman A (2009): Activation of anterior insula during self‐reflection. PLoS One 4:e4618. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Mohamed S, Rosenheck R, McEvoy J, Swartz M, Stroup S, Lieberman JA (2009): Cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationships between insight and attitudes toward medication and clinical outcomes in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 35:336–346. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Moraschi M, Hagberg GE, Di Paola M, Spalletta G, Maraviglia B, Giove F (2010): Smoothing that does not blur: Effects of the anisotropic approach for evaluating diffusion tensor imaging data in the clinic. J Magn Reson Imaging 31:690–697. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Morgan KD, Dazzan P, Morgan C, Lappin J, Hutchinson G, Suckling J, Fearon P, Jones PB, Leff J, Murray RM, et al. (2010): Insight, grey matter and cognitive function in first‐onset psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 197:141–148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Mori S, Wakana S, van Zijl P, Nagae‐Poetscher L (2005): MRI Atlas of the Human White Matter. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier. [Google Scholar]
  70. Murphy FC, Michael A, Sahakian BJ (2012): Emotion modulates cognitive flexibility in patients with major depression. Psychol Med 42:1373–1382. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Ochsner KN, Beer JS, Robertson ER, Cooper JC, Gabrieli JD, Kihsltrom JF, D'Esposito M (2005): The neural correlates of direct and reflected self‐knowledge. Neuroimage 28:797–814. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Orfei MD, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G (2007): I disturbi della consapevolezza nelle malattie neuropsichiatriche. Milano: Springer–Verlag Italia. [Google Scholar]
  73. MD Orfei, F Piras, E Macci, C Caltagirone, G Spalletta (2013): The neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive insight in schizophrenia. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 8:418–423. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Orfei MD, Robinson RG, Bria P, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G (2008): Unawareness of illness in neuropsychiatric disorders: Phenomenological certainty versus etiopathogenic vagueness. Neuroscientist 14:203–222. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Orfei MD, Spoletini I, Banfi G, Caltagirone C, Spalletta G (2010): Neuropsychological correlates of cognitive insight in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 178:51–56. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Palaniyappan L, Mallikarjun P, Joseph V, Liddle PF (2011): Appreciating symptoms and deficits in schizophrenia: Right posterior insula and poor insight. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35:523–527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Perez‐Iglesias R, Tordesillas‐Gutierrez D, McGuire PK, Barker GJ, Roiz‐Santianez R, Mata I, de Lucas EM, Rodriguez‐Sanchez JM, Ayesa‐Arriola R, Vazquez‐Barquero JL, et al. (2010): White matter integrity and cognitive impairment in first‐episode psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 167:451–458. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Petrides M (2005): Lateral prefrontal cortex: Architectonic and functional organization. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 360:781–795. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Rossell SL, Coakes J, Shapleske J, Woodruff PW, David AS (2003): Insight: Its relationship with cognitive function, brain volume and symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 33:111–119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Rushworth MF, Behrens TE, Rudebeck PH, Walton ME (2007): Contrasting roles for cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex in decisions and social behaviour. Trends Cogn Sci 11:168–176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Sapara A, Cooke M, Fannon D, Francis A, Buchanan RW, Anilkumar AP, Barkataki I, Aasen I, Kuipers E, Kumari V (2007): Prefrontal cortex and insight in schizophrenia: A volumetric MRI study. Schizophr Res 89:22–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Sasson E, Doniger GM, Pasternak O, Tarrasch R, Assaf Y (2012): Structural correlates of cognitive domains in normal aging with diffusion tensor imaging. Brain Struct Funct 217:503–515. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Schmitz TW, Johnson SC (2006): Self‐appraisal decisions evoke dissociated dorsal–ventral aMPFC networks. Neuroimage 30:1050–1058. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Schmitz TW, Kawahara‐Baccus TN, Johnson SC (2004): Metacognitive evaluation, self‐relevance, and the right prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 22:941–947. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Selemon LD, Rajkowska G, Goldman‐Rakic PS (1998): Elevated neuronal density in prefrontal area 46 in brains from schizophrenic patients: Application of a three‐dimensional, stereologic counting method. J Comp Neurol 392:402–412. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Shad MU, Muddasani S, Prasad K, Sweeney JA, Keshavan MS (2004): Insight and prefrontal cortex in first‐episode schizophrenia. Neuroimage 22:1315–1320. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Shad MU, Tamminga CA, Cullum M, Haas GL, Keshavan MS (2006): Insight and frontal cortical function in schizophrenia: A review. Schizophr Res 86:54–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Simpson GM, Angus JWS (1970): A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 212 (Suppl.):11–19. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Stern ER, Gonzalez R, Welsh RC, Taylor SF (2010): Updating beliefs for a decision: Neural correlates of uncertainty and underconfidence. J Neurosci 30:8032–8041. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Sui J, Chechlacz M, Humphreys GW (2012): Dividing the self: Distinct neural substrates of task‐based and automatic self‐prioritization after brain damage. Cognition 122:150–162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Thompson WK, Hallmayer J, O'Hara R (2011): Design considerations for characterizing psychiatric trajectories across the lifespan: Application to effects of APOE‐epsilon4 on cerebral cortical thickness in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 168:894–903. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Trivedi JK, Dhyani M, Goel D, Sharma S, Singh AP, Sinha PK, Tandon R (2008): Neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg) 11:204–209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Tzourio‐Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N, Mazoyer B, Joliot M (2002): Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single‐subject brain. Neuroimage 15:273–289. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. van Schouwenburg MR, O'Shea J, Mars RB, Rushworth MF, Cools R (2012): Controlling human striatal cognitive function via the frontal cortex. J Neurosci 32:5631–5637. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Vartanian O, Goel V (2005): Task constraints modulate activation in right ventral lateral prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 27:927–933. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Wiest‐Daessle N, Prima S, Coupe P, Morrissey SP, Barillot C (2008): Rician noise removal by non‐Local Means filtering for low signal‐to‐noise ratio MRI: Applications to DT‐MRI. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv 11:171–179. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Woods SW (2003): Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 64:663–667. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Authors
Spalletta, G., Piras, F., Piras, F., Caltagirone, C., & Orfei, M. D.
Affiliations
  • Fondazione Santa Lucia (IT)
  • University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
ORCID
Venue
Human Brain Mapping
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2014-04-03
Volume
35
Issue
9
Pages
4729-4740
ISSN
  • 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
  • 1097-0193
DOI
10.1002/hbm.22507
PMC
PMC6869551
OpenAlex
W1608479654
Cited by
44
References
101
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3
FWCI
5.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Italian Ministry of Health (RC08A, RC09A, RC10A, RC11A, and RC12A.)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords
schizophrenia, gray matter volume, white matter volume, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, corona radiata, cingulum, depression severity, attentional control, self-monitoring, medication adherence, cognitive control
MeSH terms
Adult, Attention, Brain, Depression, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mental Processes, Neuropsychological Tests, Organ Size, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychological Tests, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Self Concept, Prefrontal Cortex, Executive Function, White Matter, Gray Matter

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review