The cingulum bundle: Anatomy, function, and dysfunction

Combat veterans with PTSD had increased cingulum FA.

“In contrast, combat veterans with PTSD had increased cingulum FA (Davenport et al., 2015).”

• cites Davenport et al., 2015 sourceDisputed

  The Voxelwise Comparisons section reports higher GFA in a cluster including the cingulum, but states that PTSD effects on FA were not significant. The Conclusion likewise identifies higher GFA—not FA—in the bilateral cingulum. The claim substitutes FA for the measure on which the paper found an increase. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Few, if any, connections extend the entire length of the cingulum tract.

“Consequently, few, if any, connections extend the entire length of the tract (Heilbronner and Haber, 2014).”

• cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract (page unavailable) says many brain regions send projections through only part of the cingulum bundle, supporting the general point that connections need not span it. But “few, if any” is stronger than the paper establishes: the Segmenting the CB section (page unavailable) says many fibers travel through all four segments, without establishing how many individual connections traverse the tract’s full length. (LLM, conf=0.81)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Initial DTI tractography studies portrayed the cingulum as a unitary bundle.

“Initial DTI tractography studies portrayed the cingulum as a unitary bundle (e.g., Catani et al., 2002; Xie et al., 2005; see Fig. 6A).”

• cites Catani et al., 2002 sourceSupported
• cites Xie et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fig. 6ANot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

To better reflect the cingulum's changing anatomical properties, reconstructions increasingly distinguished between the 'dorsal' and 'ventral' cingulum, i.e., above or below the splenium, which roughly corresponds to the distinction between cingulum cingulate gyrus and cingulum angular bundle.

“However, to better reflect its changing anatomical properties, reconstructions increasingly distinguished between the ‘dorsal’ and ‘ventral’ cingulum, i.e., above or below the splenium (e.g., Budisavljevic et al., 2015; Fig. 6B) which roughly corresponds to the distinction between cingulum cingulate gyrus and cingulum angular bundle (e.g., Ezzati et al., 2016).”

• cites Budisavljevic et al., 2015 sourceSupported
• cites Ezzati et al., 2016 sourceSupported

The primate cingulum bundle contains some fibres from across almost all parts of the prefrontal cortex.

“there is a marked extension as the tract contains some fibres from across almost all parts of the prefrontal cortex (Heilbronner and Haber, 2014)”

• cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 sourceSupported

Heilbronner and Haber (2014) used monkey connectivity to subdivide the primate cingulum into four divisions: subgenual, rostral dorsal (anterior cingulate), caudal dorsal (retrosplenial), and temporal (parahippocampal).

“Accordingly, Heilbronner and Haber (2014) used monkey connectivity to help subdivide the primate cingulum into four divisions; subgenual, rostral dorsal (anterior cingulate), caudal dorsal (retrosplenial), and temporal (parahippocampal).”

• cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 sourceSupported

Some dMRI studies have added additional cingulum subdivisions.

“Furthermore, some dMRI studies have added additional cingulum subdivisions (Kennis et al., 2016; Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012b; Whitford et al., 2014).”

• cites Kennis et al., 2016 sourceSupported
• cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Whitford et al., 2014 sourceSupported

It is difficult to interpret differences or changes in FA and diffusivity metrics in terms of any specific biophysical property of white matter.

“For this reason, it is difficult to interpret differences/changes in FA and diffusivity metrics in terms of any specific biophysical property of white matter (Wheeler-Kingshott and Cercignani, 2009; Jones, 2010).”

• cites Wheeler-Kingshott and Cercignani, 2009 sourceSupported
• cites Jones, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Medial frontal lesions affect effort-based decision making.

“Similar lesions also affect effort-based decision making (Walton et al., 2002).”

• cites Walton et al., 2002 sourceSupported

Lesions of the anterior cingulate cortex disrupt performance on the 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5-CSRTT).

“Lesions of the anterior cingulate cortex disrupt performance on the 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5-CSRTT) (Dalley et al., 2004)”

• cites Dalley et al., 2004 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that lesions of the entire medial prefrontal cortex disrupt 5-CSRT task performance, but it does not establish that lesions specifically of the anterior cingulate cortex do so. It also reports performance changes after lesions that spare the anterior cingulate cortex. The paper’s own results concern cholinergic lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex, not isolated anterior cingulate lesions. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Medial frontal lesions disrupt switching between stimulus classes ('extra-dimensional shift') during serial discriminations.

“Related evidence comes from the disruptive effects of medial frontal lesions when switching between stimulus classes (‘extra-dimensional shift’) during serial discriminations (Birrell and Brown, 2000).”

• cites Birrell and Brown, 2000 sourceSupported

Electrical stimulation of the cingulum bundle reduces formalin-test pain.

“The finding that electrical stimulation of the cingulum bundle reduces formalin-test pain (Fuchs et al., 1996) was interpreted as a disruption of patterned activity that would normally signal pain.”

• cites Fuchs et al., 1996 sourceSupported

Aspiration lesions centred on retrosplenial cortex disrupted the retention of scene discriminations.

“but did disrupt the retention of these discriminations (Buckley and Mitchell, 2016).”

• cites Buckley and Mitchell, 2016 sourceSupported

Aspiration lesions centred on retrosplenial cortex spared the acquisition of scene discriminations.

“Aspiration lesions centred on retrosplenial cortex also spared the acquisition of scene discriminations (Buckley and Mitchell, 2016; see also Parker and Gaffan, 1997)”

• cites Buckley and Mitchell, 2016 sourceSupported
• cites Parker and Gaffan, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Typical cingulotomies compromise a great many fibres in the supracallosal cingulum bundle, involving a wide variety of cortical and subcortical sites, including both amygdala and anterior thalamic fibres.

“Using the latter information, Heilbronner and Haber (2014) concluded that typical cingulotomies compromise a great many fibres in the supracallosal cingulum bundle, involving a wide variety of cortical and subcortical sites, including both amygdala and anterior thalamic fibres.”

• cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 sourceSupported

Removal of the supracallosal parts of areas 29, 30 and 23 had no apparent effect on a computerised version of the WCST.

“In one of the very few such studies, removal of the supracallosal parts of areas 29, 30 and 23 (Mansouri et al., 2015) had no apparent effect on a computerised version of the WCST”

• cites Mansouri et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The WCST results and Discussion report that posterior-cingulate-lesioned monkeys were unimpaired on the computerized WCST analog. The Results describe lesions of the posterior cingulate cortex extending into area 31, with only some damage to the anterior portions of areas 29 and 30; they do not establish removal of the specified supracallosal parts of areas 29, 30, and 23. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Lesions placed a little behind the genu should affect medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and amygdala interactions thought to be involved in emotion and cognitive processing.

“This placement is interesting as it should affect medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and amygdala interactions thought to be involved in emotion and cognitive processing (Heilbronner and Haber, 2014; Steele and Lawrie, 2004).”

• cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 sourceSupported
• cites Steele and Lawrie, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Limbic-frontal-subcortical circuits are frequently implicated in the pathophysiology of apathy in clinical populations.

“Concerning apathy, it is the case that limbic-frontal-subcortical circuits are frequently implicated in the pathophysiology of this condition in clinical populations (van Reekum et al., 2005; Kos et al., 2016).”

• cites van Reekum et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kos et al., 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The indexed Abstract reports that abnormalities in fronto-striatal circuits are most consistently associated with apathy across neurological and psychiatric conditions. This supports the frontal-subcortical and clinical-population portions of the claim, but the passage does not identify a limbic component of those circuits. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Across differing underlying pathologies and neuroimaging methods, the anterior cingulate cortex, orbital frontal cortex, and medial thalamus exhibit some of the most robust changes associated with apathy.

“Across differing underlying pathologies and neuroimaging methods, the anterior cingulate cortex, orbital frontal cortex, and medial thalamus exhibit some of the most robust changes associated with apathy (Le Heron et al., 2018).”

• cites Le Heron et al., 2018 sourceSupported

Correlations between executive functions and cingulum white matter properties have been reported in depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.

“This overall pattern is continued in clinical brain imaging studies as correlations between executive functions and cingulum white matter properties have been reported in depression (with DTI in Schermuly et al., 2010), in bipolar disorder (with DTI in Poletti et al., 2015; with Positron Emission Tomography in Li et al., 2012), and schizophrenia (with DTI in Kubicki et al., 2009; Takei et al., 200”

• cites Schermuly et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Poletti et al., 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Kubicki et al., 2009 sourceSupported

The cingulum is affected in many neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's disease.

“The cingulum is affected in many neurological conditions, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, the behavioural variant of frontemporal dementia (Mahoney et al., 2014), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).”

• cites Mahoney et al., 2014 sourceSupported

A well-replicated finding concerns microstructural changes in the posterior and parahippocampal cingulum associated with both MCI and AD.

“A well-replicated finding concerns microstructural changes in the posterior and parahippocampal cingulum associated with both MCI and AD (Bozzali et al., 2012; Choo et al., 2010; Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012a; Remy et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2007; Zhuang et al., 2012; 2013, for review see Chua et al., 2008; Yu et al., 2017).”

• cites Bozzali et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion and ‘WM Damage to the Cingulum Bundles’ results report altered diffusion measures in the cingulum in both AD and amnestic MCI, supporting the central association. The passages describe widespread or diffuse changes, but do not establish that both the posterior and parahippocampal segments are specifically affected in both groups; the reported parahippocampal gray-matter findings are distinct from changes in that cingulum segment. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Choo et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Amnestic MCI is often considered a prodromal condition for AD.

Correlations between cingulum microstructure and memory are more often described within clinical groups, e.g., in cerebral small vessel disease, mild traumatic injury, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's disease.

“In contrast to the evidence from healthy populations, correlations between cingulum microstructure and memory are more often described within clinical groups, e.g., in cerebral small vessel disease (van der Holst et al., 2013), mild traumatic injury (Wu et al., 2010), Mild Cognitive Impairment (e.g., Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012a, b, for meta-analysis see Yu et al., 2017) and Alzheimer’s disease”

• cites van der Holst et al., 2013 sourceSupported
• cites Wu et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yu et al., 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Diffusion imaging studies show an extended period of cingulum maturation through adolescence and beyond, often not reaching adult characteristics until the mid twenties or later.

“Diffusion imaging studies have revealed an extended period of cingulum maturation through adolescence and beyond, often not reaching its adult characteristics until the mid twenties or later (Lebel and Beaulieu, 2011; Lebel et al., 2012).”

• cites Lebel and Beaulieu, 2011 sourceSupported
• cites Lebel et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Correlations between episodic memory and left parahippocampal cingulum FA that were independent of hippocampal volume were found in non-dementing elderly adults.

“Nevertheless, correlations between episodic memory and left parahippocampal cingulum FA that were independent of hippocampal volume were also found in non-dementing elderly adults (Ezzati et al., 2016).”

• cites Ezzati et al., 2016 sourceSupported

Experience can alter white matter microstructure.

“Indeed, the growing realisation that experience can alter white matter microstructure (Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2017; (McKenzie et al., 2014) Zatorre et al., 2012) highlights the problems of separating cause from effect.”

• cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2017 sourceSupported
• cites McKenzie et al., 2014 sourceSupported
• cites Zatorre et al., 2012 sourceSupported

Compared with other limbic white matter pathways, correlations between white matter microstructure and episodic memory in healthy populations are much more reliably found for the fornix than the cingulum.

“Compared with other limbic white matter pathways, correlations between white matter microstructure and episodic memory in healthy populations are much more reliably found for the fornix than the cingulum (e.g., Douet and Chang, 2015; Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2011; Rudebeck et al., 2009).”

• cites Douet and Chang, 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction describes the fornix as a robust predictor of episodic memory performance, and “Normal development and aging of the fornix” reports correlations in healthy children and adults. Neither section establishes that these correlations are more reliably found for the fornix than for the cingulum. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2011 sourceSupported
• cites Rudebeck et al., 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Imaging Results; page not provided) report a significant correlation between fornix microstructure and recollection in healthy participants. The paper does not establish that such correlations are more reliably found for the fornix than for the cingulum or other limbic pathways; its reported analyses focus on the fornix. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Some evidence is consistent with an age-related gradient along the long axis of the cingulum, in which frontal parts of the bundle appear most affected.

“Some of the evidence is consistent with an age-related gradient along the long axis of the cingulum, in which frontal parts of the bundle appear most affected (Catheline et al., 2010; Mårtensson et al., 2018; Sibilia et al., 2017; Yoon et al., 2008; see for review Chua et al., 2008).”

• cites Catheline et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mårtensson et al., 2018 sourcePartly supported

  The indexed Abstract (no page given) reports that age-related changes differ between segments of the cingulate bundle, supporting variation along the tract. It does not say that frontal segments are the most affected, so the proposed direction of the gradient is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Sibilia et al., 2017 sourceCould not verify

  The available passages contain the title and publication metadata but no findings about which part of the cingulum is most affected. Searches for frontal, anterior–posterior, and age-related differences returned no results passage that could establish the claimed gradient. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the anterior portion of the cingulum, RD values increased from the age of 28.

“In the anterior portion of the cingulum, RD values increased from the age of 28.”

• cites Mårtensson et al., 2018 sourceCould not verify

  The available indexed passages (labeled Abstract; no page given) identify a paper about aging and the cingulum but do not report RD values or an age at which they began to increase. Searches for anterior cingulum, radial diffusivity, and age 28 found no passage addressing the specific claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Lee et al. (2013) reported reduced FA in both the left and right cingulum of 17 first episode schizophrenia patients.

“Lee et al. (2013) reported reduced FA in both the left and right cingulum of 17 first episode patients.”

• cites Lee et al. (2013) sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Fractional Anisotropy; page unavailable) report lower cingulum FA in first-episode schizophrenia patients than in healthy controls, and the Discussion (page unavailable) states that 17 patients were scanned. The available Results passages do not specify reduced FA in both the left and right cingulum, so the bilateral detail is not verified. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Reduced frontal and posterior cingulate interconnectivity, as measured from resting state fMRI, is one of the most reported effects in ASD.

“reduced frontal and posterior cingulate interconnectivity, as measured from resting state fMRI, is one the most reported effects (Rane et al., 2015)”

• cites Rane et al., 2015 sourceSupported

CSF-based partial volume effects are known to result in artificial FA reductions and MD increases.

“As CSF based partial volume effects are known to result in artificial FA reductions and MD increases (Alexander et al., 2001; Vos et al., 2011; Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012a), differences between patients and controls may be overestimated and could potentially reflect atrophy rather than intrinsic white matter microstructural changes.”

• cites Alexander et al., 2001 sourceSupported
• cites Vos et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

White matter, including the cingulum, is especially sensitive to the effects of aging in schizophrenia.

“Evidence that white matter, including the cingulum, is especially sensitive to the effects of aging in schizophrenia (Kochunov et al., 2013)”

• cites Kochunov et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (page unavailable) report accelerated age-related white-matter decline in schizophrenia, with numerically greater decline across all twelve tracts. They do not identify the cingulum as especially sensitive: the regional Results name five tracts with nominally significant age-by-diagnosis interactions, and the cingulum is not among them. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In schizophrenia, FA correlations were found between the right genu cingulum and hallucinations.

“FA correlations were found between the right genu cingulum and hallucinations”

• cites Whitford et al., 2014 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report a significant negative correlation between hallucination severity and FA in the right I1 cingulum sub-connection in patients with schizophrenia. The Methods define I1 as fibers connecting the rostral and caudal anterior cingulate gyri, but the paper does not identify that sub-connection as the right genu cingulum. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In ASD studies focusing on just the cingulum, reduced FA is found.

“In those ASD studies focussing on just the cingulum, reduced FA is again found (Ameis et al., 2013; Ikuta et al., 2014)”

• cites Ameis et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ikuta et al., 2014 sourceSupported

Cingulum FA correlations with executive function are more consistent in schizophrenia than in ASD.

“Arguably, more consistent cingulum FA correlations with executive function have been found in schizophrenia (Kubicki et al., 2009; Spalletta et al., 2014; Takei et al., 2009; see Table 2).”

• cites Kubicki et al., 2009 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Correlation analyses) report significant correlations between left cingulum FA and Stroop reaction times and the Stroop effect in patients with schizophrenia. The paper compares those patients with healthy controls, not people with ASD, so it does not establish that the correlations are more consistent in schizophrenia than in ASD. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Spalletta et al., 2014 sourceCould not verify

  The Results report correlations between cingulum white-matter volume and metacognitive insight in patients with schizophrenia, not between cingulum fractional anisotropy (FA) and executive function. The Methods describe T1-weighted volumetric imaging, and the Discussion does not compare schizophrenia with ASD on the claimed correlation. Searches for cingulum FA, executive function, and ASD did not locate that comparison in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Takei et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In first episode schizophrenia cases, radial cingulum diffusivity correlated with the severity of delusions of reference.

“with radial diffusivity correlating with the severity of delusions of reference.”

• cites Fitzsimmons et al., 2014 sourceSupported

Structural MRI studies indicate that cingulate cortex volume is reduced in ADHD.

“Structural MRI studies indicate that cingulate cortex volume is reduced in ADHD (Amico et al., 2011; Makris et al., 2007)”

• cites Amico et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Makris et al., 2007 sourceSupported

In ASD, there is a recurrent pattern of reduced FA and increased diffusivity, consistent with altered development.

“Overall, there is a recurrent pattern of reduced FA and increased diffusivity, consistent with altered development (Ameis and Catani, 2015; Rane et al., 2015; Travers et al., 2012).”

• cites Ameis and Catani, 2015 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rane et al., 2015 sourceSupported
• cites Travers et al., 2012 sourceSupported

Other ASD studies have failed to find clear cingulum correlations.

“though other studies have failed to find clear cingulum correlations (Rane et al., 2015).”

• cites Rane et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (Synthesis; page unavailable) says connectivity changes have not yet been clearly correlated with behavioral findings, supporting the claim's general point. But the Results (Behavioral Findings; page unavailable) note a preponderance of reported behavioral correlations involving region pairs associated with the cingulum; the review does not specifically say that studies failed to find clear cingulum correlations. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Reduced FA in the dorsal cingulum is a frequent feature of ASD.

“reduced FA in the dorsal cingulum is also a frequent feature of ASD (Rane et al., 2015; Shukla et al., 2011; Travers et al., 2012; but see Aoki et al., 2013; Table 2).”

• cites Rane et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (DTI; page unavailable) identify the cingulum among the commonly reported regions with reduced fractional anisotropy in ASD, and the Discussion (Diffusion Connectivity; page unavailable) says it was not far behind the most reported regions. Neither passage specifies the dorsal cingulum, so the source supports the frequency claim for the cingulum generally but not that anatomical qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Shukla et al., 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report reduced FA in the cingulum in the ASD group, and the Discussion reiterates that finding. Neither passage identifies the affected portion as the dorsal cingulum or establishes how frequently this specific finding occurs in ASD. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Travers et al., 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The “Group Differences in the Cingulum Bundle” section reports that multiple studies found decreased FA and/or increased MD in the anterior cingulum in ASD, and cautiously suggests that decreased cingulum FA may be common. The review supports a recurring cingulum finding, but it does not specifically establish reduced FA in the dorsal cingulum as a frequent feature. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In 18 first episode schizophrenia cases, bilateral increases in both axial and radial cingulum diffusivity were found.

“Similarly, bilateral increases in both axial and radial cingulum diffusivity were found in 18 first episode cases (Fitzsimmons et al., 2014)”

• cites Fitzsimmons et al., 2014 sourceSupported

The greater sensitivity of white matter to aging in schizophrenia may account for the greater prevalence of cingulum changes in those with well-established psychotic states.

“may account for the greater prevalence of cingulum changes in those with well-established psychotic states.”

• cites Kochunov et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results and Discussion report accelerated white-matter aging in schizophrenia and greater vulnerability in some tracts. They do not establish a greater prevalence of cingulum changes in people with well-established psychotic states, or test whether accelerated aging accounts for that prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In schizophrenia, right parahippocampal cingulum status correlated with negative symptoms.

“while right parahippocampal cingulum status correlated with negative symptoms (Whitford et al., 2014).”

• cites Whitford et al., 2014 sourceSupported

In ASD, cingulum FA correlations were found for behavioural regulation scores.

“Such correlations were found for behavioural regulation scores (Ikuta et al., 2014)”

• cites Ikuta et al., 2014 sourceSupported

In ADHD, resting state disturbances suggest either hyperconnectivity or hypoconnectivity.

“while resting state disturbances suggest either hyperconnectivity or hypoconnectivity (Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010).”

• cites Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010 sourceSupported

In a study of 19 adolescents with ADHD, ADHD severity was associated with the status of the left cingulum close to the genu.

“In a study of 19 adolescents with ADHD that focussed specifically on the cingulum (Cooper et al., 2015), ADHD severity was associated with the status of the left cingulum close to the genu”

• cites Cooper et al., 2015 sourceSupported

Cingulum FA correlates with default-mode functional connectivity.

“e.g., cingulum FA correlates with default-mode functional connectivity (van den Heuvel et al., 2008).”

• cites van den Heuvel et al., 2008 sourceSupported

The lack of reliable cingulum bundle changes in ADHD may relate to the need to separate different subtypes of ADHD.

“The lack of reliable cingulum bundle changes may relate to the need to separate different subtypes of ADHD”

• cites Svatkova et al., 2016 sourceSupported

Alterations in the default mode network have been reported in schizophrenia, ADHD, depression, PTSD, OCD, and ASD.

“alterations in the default mode network have been reported in schizophrenia (Öngür et al., 2010), ADHD (Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010), depression (Öngür et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2012), PTSD (Bluhm et al., 2009), OCD (Peng et al., 2014), and ASD (Padmanabhan et al., 2017).”

• cites Öngür et al., 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010 sourceSupported
• cites Bluhm et al., 2009 sourceSupported

In a meta-analysis of adult onset PTSD from seven studies, clusters of dMRI changes were most evident in the cingulum and the superior longitudinal fasciculus.

“Meanwhile clusters of dMRI changes were most evident in the cingulum and the superior longitudinal fasciculus in a meta-analysis of adult onset PTSD from seven studies (Daniels et al., 2013).”

• cites Daniels et al., 2013 sourceSupported

In noncombat PTSD sufferers, reduced FA was found in cingulate white matter just above the genu.

“A recent study of noncombat PTSD sufferers, found reduced FA in cingulate white matter just above the genu (Olson et al., 2017).”

• cites Olson et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (§3.1; page unavailable) report significantly lower FA in PTSD patients than in trauma-exposed controls in a left frontal cluster involving cingulate-gyrus fibers. The Discussion (§4; page unavailable) places the fibers near the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. The copy does not specify that the cluster was just above the genu, so that more precise location is not established. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In 19 adolescents with ADHD, ADHD severity correlated with increased FA and reduced radial diffusivity.

“ADHD severity correlated with increased FA and reduced radial diffusivity (Cooper et al., 2015).”

• cites Cooper et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Results report that greater ADHD severity was significantly associated with higher FA in the left subgenual cingulum, but the association with lower radial diffusivity was only a trend (p = 0.067). The Methods report 19 adolescents with ADHD were recruited; the Results clarify that two were excluded and the correlations used 17. (LLM, conf=0.92)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In ADHD, more constrained cingulum diffusion can be positively correlated with the severity of symptoms.

“where more constrained cingulum diffusion can be positively correlated with the severity of symptoms (Cooper et al., 2015; but see also Chiang et al., 2016).”

• cites Cooper et al., 2015 sourceSupported

In the right parahippocampal cingulum and right arcuate fasciculus, FA values related to autistic social-deficit symptoms.

“In the right parahippocampal cingulum and right arcuate fasciculus these FA values related to autistic social-deficit symptoms.”

• cites Chiang et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Correlations with Clinical Measures in ASD) link the right arcuate fasciculus and right hippocampal cingulum to social-deficit subscale scores in men with ASD. However, the measured values were generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), not FA; the Discussion distinguishes those metrics. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In ADHD, reduced FA in the cingulum is sometimes, but not consistently, reported.

“highlight the variable pattern of changes in which reduced FA in the cingulum is sometimes, but not consistently, reported (Makris et al., 2007; Pavuluri et al., 2009; Chiang et al., 2016; Table 2).”

• cites Makris et al., 2007 sourceSupported
• cites Pavuluri et al., 2009 sourceSupported
• cites Chiang et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In adult onset PTSD meta-analysis, the largest cluster related to decreased FA in the right cingulum.

“While the largest cluster related to decreased FA in the right cingulum”

• cites Daniels et al., 2013 sourceSupported

Dorsal cingulum changes occur in PTSD, as measured both by dMRI indices and tract volume.

“Dorsal cingulum changes occur in PTSD, as measured both by dMRI indices (Table 2) and tract volume (Daniels et al., 2013).”

• cites Daniels et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Summary reports cingulum white-matter volume changes in studies of adult-onset PTSD, supporting the tract-volume part of the citation. It locates those changes in anterior or posterior cingulum sections, but does not identify a dorsal cingulum volume change. The paper's mention of a dorsal subregion concerns FA-based white-matter integrity, not tract volume; the citing sentence attributes its dMRI evidence to Table 2 rather than to Daniels et al. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

In ADHD, raised FA can be found in some tracts.

“ADHD offers a different profile where raised FA can be found in some tracts (Davenport et al., 2010)”

• cites Davenport et al., 2010 sourceSupported

In military personnel, blast exposure without PTSD can affect cingulum FA.

“In the case of military personnel, there is the contributing complication that blast exposure (without PTSD) can affect cingulum FA (e.g., Ivanov et al., 2017; MacDonald et al., 2011)”

• cites Ivanov et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Predicting FA Values; page not provided) report that greater blast exposure predicts lower cingulum FA in models that include PTSD symptom severity. But the Methods (Participants; page not provided) report that 42% of assessed veterans met PTSD criteria, so the study does not establish this finding specifically in personnel without PTSD. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites MacDonald et al., 2011 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (Findings on DTI and Conventional MRI; page unavailable) report cingulum abnormalities and reduced relative anisotropy in military personnel with blast-related traumatic brain injury. The Methods (Subjects; page unavailable) exclude a history of psychiatric disorder but do not establish that participants were free of PTSD. The paper measures relative anisotropy rather than cingulum fractional anisotropy (FA), and the Discussion says it cannot isolate the effect of blast exposure from other injury mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Neonatal complications can lead to cingulum bundle diffusion changes.

“Further support comes from the finding that neonatal complications, a common risk factor for many neuropsychiatric conditions, can lead to cingulum bundle diffusion changes (Schiller et al., 2017a,b).”

• cites Schiller et al., 2017a,b sourcePartly supported

  The DTI results report lower fractional anisotropy in the left cingulum bundle of school-age children who survived neonatal ECMO than in controls. This supports a cingulum diffusion difference after a specific neonatal critical illness, but the cross-sectional comparison does not establish that neonatal complications generally cause such changes. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Increased FA has been reported in the cingulum bundle in 'combined' but not 'inattentive' types of ADHD.

“as increased FA has been reported in the cingulum bundle in ‘combined’ but not ‘inattentive’ types of ADHD (Svatkova et al., 2016; Table 2).”

• cites Svatkova et al., 2016 sourceSupported

In adult onset PTSD, different sections of the cingulum were associated with both increases and decreases of FA.

“different sections of the cingulum were associated with both increases and decreases of FA (Daniels et al., 2013; Table 2).”

• cites Daniels et al., 2013 sourceSupported

In ASD compared with ADHD, ASD participants had reduced FA in six tracts, including the right parahippocampal cingulum bundle.

“when ASD was compared with ADHD (Chiang et al., 2017), the ASD participants had reduced FA in six tracts, including the right cingulum bundle (parahippocampal).”

• cites Chiang et al., 2017 sourcePartly supported

  The Results and Table 2 report lower values in six tracts for men with ASD than for men with ADHD, including the right cingulum (hippocampal part). The measured quantity was generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), not FA, and the comparison was limited to men. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Evidence from posterior cingulotomy in humans does not indicate obvious memory loss.

“While the evidence from posterior cingulotomy in humans is very limited, it does not indicate obvious memory loss (Turner, 1973).”

• cites Turner, 1973 sourceSupported

A meta-analysis of fMRI cingulate activations found area associations with at least seven different processes: emotion, reward, pain, motor, conflict, error detection, and memory.

“In that study, area associations were found with at least seven different processes. These were: Emotion, dorsal anterior cingulate, as well as pregenual and subgenual cortex; Reward, dorsal anterior cingulate above the genu, as well as subgenual ventromedial frontal cortex; Pain, anterior and mid cingulate cortex (see also Vogt and Sikes, 2009); Motor, mid cingulate cortex (overlapping with ‘pain”

• cites Beckmann et al., 2009 sourceSupported

Different parts of the cingulum may show opposite changes in diffusivity in both PTSD and OCD.

“the finding that different parts of the cingulum may show opposite changes in diffusivity in both PTSD (Daniels et al., 2013) and OCD (Cannistraro et al., 2007)”

• cites Daniels et al., 2013 sourceSupported
• cites Cannistraro et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The cingulum has a specific role in landmark navigation.

“emphasising a specific role in landmark navigation (Auger et al., 2012).”

• cites Auger et al., 2012 sourceCould not verify

  The Discussion links retrosplenial cortex (RSC) activity to processing permanent landmarks, but does not establish a specific role for the cingulum. Searches for the cingulum and its role in landmark navigation found no passage addressing that structure; the paper's RSC finding cannot verify the claim about the cingulum. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Retrosplenial amnesias can be transient.

“Part of the explanation for the relative sparing after cingulum damage may come from evidence that retrosplenial amnesias can be transient (Kim et al., 2007; Saito et al., 2005)”

• cites Kim et al., 2007 sourceSupported
• cites Saito et al., 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Parts of the cingulum bundle may contribute to motor function.

“One such contribution relates to motor function, given the cluster of fMRI activations seen around the mid supracallosal cingulate cortex and adjacent motor areas (Beckmann et al., 2009).”

• cites Beckmann et al., 2009 sourceSupported

Cingulotomies should create substantial cingulate disconnections.

“It is, for example, clear from structural imaging that cingulotomies should create substantial cingulate disconnections (Heilbronner and Haber, 2014)”

• cites Heilbronner and Haber, 2014 sourceSupported

Task learning can alter dMRI attributes.

“It is now known that task learning can alter dMRI attributes (Hofstetter et al., 2013; McKenzie et al., 2014; Sampaio-Baptista et al., 2013; Xiao et al., 2016)”

• cites Hofstetter et al., 2013 sourceSupported
• cites McKenzie et al., 2014 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract reports MRI-detected white-matter changes during motor training, and the discussion cites MRI evidence of changes during several kinds of learning. Our copy does not identify those measurements as diffusion MRI or specify dMRI attributes, so it supports the learning-related MRI change but not the more specific dMRI claim. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Sampaio-Baptista et al., 2013 sourceSupported

Two months of working memory training can cause dMRI changes in healthy young adults, including within the left parahippocampal cingulum.

“It has, for example, been shown that two months of working memory training can cause dMRI changes in healthy young adults, including within the left parahippocampal cingulum (Caeyenberghs et al., 2016; Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2017).”

• cites Caeyenberghs et al., 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Participants and Abstract sections describe eight weeks of working-memory training in healthy adults (mean age 26.5 years), and the Results report training-related structural-network changes. But the Results describe diffusion-derived network effects as only marginally significant, while the significant global-efficiency effect used an MR relaxation metric. The regional analyses identify the right anterior cingulate and right inferior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, not the left parahippocampal cingulum; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2017 sourceSupported

Fornix pathology might lead to a greater reliance on the retrosplenial and parahippocampal cingulum.

“A further implication is that fornix pathology might lead to a greater reliance on the retrosplenial and parahippocampal cingulum, as appears to occur in MCI (Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012a; Ray et al., 2015).”

• cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ray et al., 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract and Discussion report that, in MCI, recall becomes more dependent on the parahippocampal cingulum as the association with the damaged fornix weakens. The paper does not establish greater reliance on the retrosplenial cingulum; its reported shift concerns the left parahippocampal cingulum. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Contralateral unilateral cingulum bundle and fornix lesions have little or no apparent effect on T-maze alternation or working memory in a radial-arm maze.

“Despite the cingulum bundle lesions being made at two levels (one retrosplenial, one close to the genu), the contralateral cingulum-fornix surgery had little or no apparent effect on T-maze alternation or working memory in a radial-arm maze (Fig. 7, unpublished data).”

Fornix lesions produce more severe spatial memory deficits than cingulum bundle lesions.

“Table 1 demonstrates how fornix lesions produce more severe spatial memory deficits than cingulum bundle lesions.”

Cingulum bundle lesion effects on spatial memory become more robust as more lesions are placed along the tract.

“These cingulum effects become more robust as more lesions are placed along the tract.”

Despite dense anterior thalamic projections to cingulate cortices, cingulum bundle lesions are far less disruptive than anterior thalamic lesions.

“Nevertheless, despite the dense contributions to the bundle from the anterior thalamic projections to the cingulate cortices, cingulum bundle lesions are far less disruptive than anterior thalamic lesions.”

Cingulum bundle lesions most consistently affect spatial tasks involving allocentric cues, when relationships between distal cues specify location.

“The first is that cingulum bundle lesions most consistently affect spatial tasks involving allocentric cues, i.e., when the relationships between distal cues specify location.”

There is a close correspondence between the effects of retrosplenial cortex lesions and cingulum bundle lesions on spatial memory.

“Table 1 also highlights the close correspondence between the effects of retrosplenial cortex lesions and cingulum bundle lesions on spatial memory.”

The cingulum is not a unitary pathway.

“The cingulum is not a unitary pathway.”

• cites Yakolev et al., 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Among the cingulum's sagittal connections are many short cortico-cortical association fibres ('U-fibres') that interlink medial parts of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.

“Among its sagittal connections are many short cortico-cortical association fibres (‘U-fibres’) that interlink medial parts of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes (Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006; Yakolev et al., 1961).”

• cites Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yakolev et al., 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Interventions at different levels of the cingulum would be expected to have different outcomes.

“Consequently, interventions at different levels would be expected to have different outcomes.”

The cingulum comprises both short and long sagittal association fibres.

“It comprises both short and long sagittal association fibres.”

• cites Yakolev et al., 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Some cingulum connections have parallel routes in other pathways, for example to parahippocampal areas.

“A related feature of some cingulum connections is the existence of parallel routes in other pathways, e.g., to parahippocampal areas (Shibata, 1993a; Wouterlood et al., 1990; Zhou and Azmitia, 1983).”

• cites Shibata, 1993aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wouterlood et al., 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Zhou and Azmitia, 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Other cingulum fibres radiate across the tract to reach cortical and subcortical sites.

“In addition, other cingulum fibres radiate across the tract to reach cortical and subcortical sites (Yakolev et al., 1961).”

• cites Yakolev et al., 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The cingulum bundle forms a near-complete ring from the orbital frontal cortices, along the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum, then down the temporal lobe towards the pole.

“The cingulum bundle is one of the most distinctive fibre tracts in the brain, forming a near-complete ring from the orbital frontal cortices, along the dorsal surface of the corpus callosum, then down the temporal lobe towards the pole (Fig. 1).”

• cites Fig. 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The cingulum is the principal route for anterior cingulate and retrosplenial projections, as well as lighter pregenual cortical projections, to the parahippocampal region, including inputs to the entorhinal cortex, postrhinal cortex, parasubiculum, and presubiculum.

“The cingulum is also the principal route for anterior cingulate and retrosplenial projections (as well as the lighter pregenual cortical projections) to the parahippocampal region, including inputs to the entorhinal cortex, postrhinal cortex, parasubiculum, and presubiculum (Jones and Witter, 2007).”

• cites Jones and Witter, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The analgesic effect of rat cingulum bundle blockade is not due to adjacent cortical inactivation.

“an effect not due to adjacent cortical inactivation (Vaccarino and Melzack, 1989)”

• cites Vaccarino and Melzack, 1989 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

There are strong homologies between the cytoarchitecture of rodent and primate (including human) cingulate cortex, including its major subdivisions.

“Given its importance for the cingulum bundle, it is important to appreciate that there are strong homologies between the cytoarchitecture of the rodent and primate (including human) cingulate cortex, including its major subdivisions (Vogt and Paxinos, 2014).”

• cites Vogt and Paxinos, 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The choice of dMRI data acquisition, processing, and tracking algorithm methods can influence the status of the derived cingulum bundle.

“These factors show how the choice of dMRI data acquisition, processing, and tracking algorithm methods can influence the status of the derived cingulum bundle.”

Blockade of the rat cingulum bundle can cause analgesia.

“Initial research showed that blockade of the rat cingulum bundle can cause analgesia (Vaccarino and Melzack, 1989; 1992)”

• cites Vaccarino and Melzack, 1989 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Vaccarino and Melzack, 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

MRI-based evidence indicates cingulum dysfunctions in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

“More recently, MRI-based evidence of cingulum dysfunctions in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders (Section 4) has boosted further interest in this fibre bundle.”

• cites Section 4Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Stimulation of the cingulum can precipitate self-mutilation.

“In contrast, stimulation of the cingulum can precipitate self-mutilation (Pellicer et al., 1999).”

• cites Pellicer et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The anteromedial thalamic nucleus is closely connected with the anterior cingulate region (area 24, but also areas 25 and 32).

“The anteromedial thalamic nucleus is closely connected with the anterior cingulate region (area 24, but also areas 25 and 32).”

When interpreting DTI indices as measures of white matter microstructure, they are influenced not only by biological properties of white matter such as axon myelin, diameter, and density but also by the orientational complexity and organisation of the fibre architecture.

“When interpreting DTI indices as measures of white matter microstructure, it is important to recognise that they are not only influenced by biological properties of white matter such as axon myelin, diameter, and density but also by the orientational complexity and organisation of the fibre architecture (Beaulieu and Allen, 1994).”

• cites Beaulieu and Allen, 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

A limitation of all rodent cingulum bundle lesion studies is that they are not accompanied by experiments identifying the extent of disconnection caused by the interventions.

“A limitation of all of these studies is that they are not accompanied by experiments that identify the extent of disconnection caused by the various interventions.”

Many cholinergic fibres from nucleus basalis of Meynert in the basal forebrain join the cingulum to run above the corpus callosum and innervate the length of the cingulate gyrus, as well as superior frontal cortices.

“Many cholinergic fibres from nucleus basalis of Meynert in the basal forebrain join the cingulum to run above the corpus callosum and innervate the length of the cingulate gyrus, as well as superior frontal cortices (Kitt et al., 1987; see also Selden et al., 1998 for corresponding human data).”

• cites Kitt et al., 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Selden et al., 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Other lateral parts of the parietal lobe have efferents that cross through the cingulum bundle to reach the cingulate cortices.

“Other lateral parts of the parietal lobe have efferents that cross through the cingulum bundle to reach the cingulate cortices (Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006).”

• cites Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The primate cingulum bundle reaches more dorsal and lateral parts of parietal cortex, including the precuneus and possibly areas PE, PM, and PG.

“These parietal connections include the precuneus and may also include more dorsal parts of the superior parietal lobule (areas PE and PM) and the inferior parietal lobule (PG) (Catani and Thiebaut de Schotten, 2012; Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006).”

• cites Catani and Thiebaut de Schotten, 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schmahmann and Pandya, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Cingulum bundle anaesthesia delays the onset of self-mutilation following peripheral neurectomy.

“Related studies described how cingulum bundle anaesthesia delays the onset of self-mutilation following peripheral neurectomy (Vaccarino and Melzack, 1991; see also Magnusson and Vaccarino, 1996).”

• cites Vaccarino and Melzack, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Magnusson and Vaccarino, 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The findings on anterior cingulate lesions and cholinergic activity implicate the cingulum given its role in providing cholinergic inputs to medial frontal and cingulate areas.

“These findings implicate the cingulum given its role in providing cholinergic inputs to medial frontal and cingulate areas.”

Monkeys with anterior cingulate lesions seemed to show no consistent, overt changes in social behaviour, activity, or vocalisation.

“Likewise, monkeys with anterior cingulate lesions seemed to show no consistent, overt changes in social behaviour, activity, or vocalisation (Pribram and Fulton, 1954).”

• cites Pribram and Fulton, 1954 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Retrosplenial lesions impair both reference and working memory tasks in the water maze.

“While retrosplenial lesions impaired both reference and working memory tasks in the water maze, these deficits were not exacerbated by additional cingulum bundle damage.”

• cites Harker and Whishaw, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Separate retrosplenial and cingulum bundle lesions produce similar effects on water-maze tasks.

“This result also matches the finding of similar effects on water-maze tasks after separate retrosplenial and cingulum bundle lesions (Harker and Whishaw, 2004; see Table 1)”

• cites Harker and Whishaw, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Extensive cingulate resections (anterior plus posterior cortices) had little apparent effect on social group affinity or individual aspects of affective behaviour in free-ranging rhesus monkeys.

“Extensive cingulate resections (anterior plus posterior cortices) had little apparent effect on social group affinity or individual aspects of affective behaviour in free ranging rhesus monkeys (Franzen and Myers et al., 1973; Myers et al., 1973).”

• cites Franzen and Myers et al., 1973 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Myers et al., 1973 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Extensive cingulate resections above the corpus callosum had no apparent effect on learning a scene discrimination task thought to capture elements of episodic memory.

“or the ability to learn a scene discrimination task thought to capture elements of episodic memory (Parker and Gaffan, 1997)”

• cites Parker and Gaffan, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Orbital frontal lesions, which spare the cingulum, disrupt emotional responsiveness to non-social cues.

“In contrast, orbital frontal lesions (which spare the cingulum) additionally disrupt emotional responsiveness to non-social cues, e.g., to a snake (Rushworth et al., 2007).”

• cites Rushworth et al., 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

There are additive effects as more anterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex disconnections occur.

“Consequently, there are additive effects as more anterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex disconnections occur (see Vann et al., 2003).”

• cites Vann et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The anterior cingulate region helps evaluate social stimuli.

“Other anterior cingulate lesions around the genu reduced responsiveness to social cues, implying that this region helps evaluate such stimuli (Rudebeck et al., 2006).”

• cites Rudebeck et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Extensive cingulate resections above the corpus callosum, involving the cingulum bundle, had no apparent effect on T-maze alternation.

“Regarding other functions, extensive cingulate resections above corpus callosum, which again involved the cingulum bundle, had no apparent effect on T-maze alternation (Murray et al., 1989)”

• cites Murray et al., 1989 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Anterior cingulate lesions around the genu reduce responsiveness to social cues.

“Other anterior cingulate lesions around the genu reduced responsiveness to social cues, implying that this region helps evaluate such stimuli (Rudebeck et al., 2006).”

• cites Rudebeck et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

There is evidence that connections within the rostral cingulum bundle support attentional processes.

“Finally, there is evidence that connections within the rostral cingulum bundle support attentional processes.”

For some classes of spatial memory, the dominant interactions are hippocampal-thalamic-frontal but use routes that are not cingulum dependent.

“This dissociation shows that for some classes of spatial memory the dominant interactions are hippocampal – thalamic – frontal, but using routes that are not cingulum dependent.”

The additive effects of anterior thalamic and retrosplenial cortex lesions support the cingulum/fornix disconnection study by emphasising differences in the functional contributions of the two tracts to spatial learning and memory.

“These additive effects (Dumont et al., 2010) support the results of the cingulum/fornix disconnection study (Fig. 7) by emphasising differences in the functional contributions of these two major tracts to spatial learning and memory.”

• cites Dumont et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Large medial frontal lesions around the genu (involving areas 24, 32, 25) reduce social interactions and vocalisations.

“It was also reported that large medial frontal lesions around the genu (involving areas 24, 32, 25) reduce social interactions and vocalisations (Hadland et al., 2003).”

• cites Hadland et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Water-maze deficits after retrosplenial lesions are not exacerbated by additional cingulum bundle damage.

“While retrosplenial lesions impaired both reference and working memory tasks in the water maze, these deficits were not exacerbated by additional cingulum bundle damage.”

• cites Harker and Whishaw, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

A prospective analysis of 198 cases with bilateral cingulum bundle lesions pointed to lasting improvements in approximately half of those treated for obsessive compulsive disorders.

“A prospective analysis of 198 cases with bilateral cingulum bundle lesions (Ballantine et al., 1987) pointed to lasting improvements in approximately half of those treated for obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD)”

• cites Ballantine et al., 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Anterior cingulate lesions can spare spatial delayed response.

“Related results include how anterior cingulate lesions can spare spatial delayed response (Pribram and Fulton, 1954)”

• cites Pribram and Fulton, 1954 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Working memory per se is preserved following dorsal cingulum bundle damage.

“Taken together, these findings indicate a preservation of working memory per se following dorsal cingulum bundle damage (Meunier et al., 1997; Murray et al., 1989; Pribram and Fulton., 1954).”

• cites Meunier et al., 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Murray et al., 1989 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pribram and Fulton., 1954 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Over 50% of patients have appreciable relief from chronic pain after anterior cingulum lesions.

“with over 50% having appreciable relief (Rawlings et al., 1992; Sharim and Pouratian, 2016).”

• cites Rawlings et al., 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sharim and Pouratian, 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Anxiety, OCD, and bipolar depression patients are sometimes jointly seen as exhibiting less anxiety, depression, hostility and obsessional thinking post-cingulotomy.

“Anxiety, OCD, and bipolar depression patients are sometimes jointly seen as exhibiting less anxiety, depression, hostility and obsessional thinking post-cingulotomy (Brown and Lighthill, 1968)”

• cites Brown and Lighthill, 1968 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

No alterations were observed in measures of self-perceived energy and emotional vibrancy after cingulotomy for chronic pain.

“Meanwhile, no alterations were observed in measures of self-perceived energy and emotional vibrancy (Cohen et al., 2001).”

• cites Cohen et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

A year after cingulotomy for chronic pain, patients compared to controls showed greater improvement on tension and anger scales.

“A year after surgery, the cingulotomy patients, compared to controls, showed the greater improvement on tension and anger scales (Cohen et al., 2001).”

• cites Cohen et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

A common feature of improvement after cingulotomy appears to be a lessening in attention to negative thoughts, anxieties, and tension.

“of which a common feature appears to be a lessening in attention to negative thoughts, anxieties, and tension (Cohen et al., 2001).”

• cites Cohen et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Because studies have not targeted the cingulum itself but often included it within larger lesions, some of the most telling findings are null results.

“Because studies have not targeted the cingulum itself, but often included it within larger lesions, some of the most telling findings are null results.”

Cingulotomy outcomes are slightly better for anxiety disorders and affective disorders, including depression, than for OCD.

“with slightly better outcomes for anxiety disorders and affective disorders, including depression (Ballantine et al., 1987; Shields et al., 2008).”

• cites Ballantine et al., 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Shields et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

More extensive anterior cingulate removals above and below the genu may cause mild deficits on spatial reversal learning, delayed response, and object recognition memory.

“although more extensive anterior cingulate removals above and below the genu (Meunier et al., 1997) may cause mild deficits on spatial reversal learning, delayed response, and object recognition memory.”

• cites Meunier et al., 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The beneficial impact on OCD in those who respond to cingulotomy persists for at least two years.

“Importantly, the beneficial impact on OCD on those who respond has been shown to persist for at least two years (Jung et al., 2006)”

• cites Jung et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Behavioural passivity and apathy remain frequently reported by families of patients after cingulotomy.

“it should be noted that behavioural passivity and apathy remain frequently reported by families of patients (Cohen et al., 1999b, 2001).”

• cites Cohen et al., 1999bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Cohen et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The macaque anterior cingulate cortex executive control function may not always be revealed by selective lesions because it is shared with other frontal areas.

“but that this executive control function may not always be revealed by selective lesions as this function is shared with other frontal areas (Mansouri et al., 2017).”

• cites Mansouri et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Rostral cingulate gyrus lesions centred around the genu and involving the cingulum failed to affect a visual discrimination learning task.

“While rostral cingulate gyrus lesions centred around the genu and involving the cingulum failed to affect a visual discrimination learning task, they did impair a conditional task in which different rewards were linked with different actions (Hadland et al., 2003).”

• cites Hadland et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Rostral cingulate gyrus lesions centred around the genu and involving the cingulum impaired a conditional task in which different rewards were linked with different actions.

“While rostral cingulate gyrus lesions centred around the genu and involving the cingulum failed to affect a visual discrimination learning task, they did impair a conditional task in which different rewards were linked with different actions (Hadland et al., 2003).”

• cites Hadland et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The macaque anterior cingulate cortex helps in monitoring and reacting to particular forms of conflict.

“From this and related findings (Kennerley et al., 2006; Rushworth et al., 2004), it was proposed that the macaque anterior cingulate cortex helps in monitoring and reacting to particular forms of conflict”

• cites Kennerley et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rushworth et al., 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

No long-term changes have been found in performance of other memory tasks, including the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, after cingulotomy.

“Similar studies have again found no long term changes in the performance of other memory tasks, including the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (Kim et al., 2003; Jung et al., 2006).”

• cites Kim et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jung et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Corkin (1980) found no deficits on multiple tests of frontal-lobe function, including fluency tests, delayed-alternation, maze tracing and the WCST, for 34 patients tested before and over one year after cingulotomy.

“In an extensive study of cingulotomy for pain or depression, Corkin (1980) found no deficits on multiple tests of frontal-lobe function including fluency tests, delayed-alternation, maze tracing and the WCST for 34 patients tested both before and over one year after surgery.”

• cites Corkin, 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

There were improvements in paired-associate learning and spatial working memory after cingulotomy for depression.

“In addition, there were improvements in paired-associate learning and spatial working memory.”

• cites Steele et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Neuroimaging studies have consistently found the subgenual cingulate/prefrontal region to function abnormally in disorders such as major depression.

“Indeed, neuroimaging studies have consistently found this same region to function abnormally in disorders such as major depression (Drevets, 2000)”

• cites Drevets, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The likely disruption of many limbic-frontal-subcortical fibres in anterior cingulotomy may explain the prevalence of apathetic characteristics in this patient group.

“the likely disruption of many of these fibres in anterior cingulotomy may explain the prevalence of apathetic characteristics in this patient group.”

A smaller group of cingulotomy patients (n = 14) treated for OCD showed impaired WCST performance.

“In contrast, a smaller group of cingulotomy patients (n = 14) treated for OCD showed impaired WCST performance (Kim et al., 2003).”

• cites Kim et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Surprisingly few lasting cognitive disturbances are described after anterior cingulotomies.

“It is striking that surprisingly few lasting cognitive disturbances are described after anterior cingulotomies.”

In eight patients surgically treated for depression, performance on tests of executive function and memory, including block design, verbal fluency and digit span, appeared unaltered.

“Likewise, in eight patients surgically treated for depression, performance on tests of executive function and memory, including block design, verbal fluency and digit span, appeared unaltered (Steele et al., 2008).”

• cites Steele et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The consistent lack of a deficit on the Wechsler Memory Scale after anterior cingulotomy is striking.

“Despite its many limitations, the consistent lack of a deficit on the Wechsler Memory Scale after anterior cingulotomy is striking (Fedio and Ommaya, 1970; Corkin, 1980; Cohen et al., 199b).”

• cites Fedio and Ommaya, 1970 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Corkin, 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Cohen et al., 199bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Post-surgical deficits were found in older patients on a test of visual perception (Thurstone's Hidden Figures) that potentially taxes executive functions.

“Post-surgical deficits were also found in older patients on a test of visual perception (Thurstone’s Hidden Figures) that potentially taxes executive functions (Corkin, 1979).”

• cites Corkin, 1979Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Lesions placed a little behind the genu were associated with better outcomes than those more caudal, at mid cingulate levels.

“This same study of 8 cases found that lesions placed a little behind the genu were associated with better outcomes than those more caudal, at mid cingulate levels (Steele et al., 2008; see also Corkin, 1980; Richter et al., 2004).”

• cites Steele et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Corkin, 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Richter et al., 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Difficulties have been reported for self-initiated responding, such as spontaneous verbal utterances, leading to reduced behavioural spontaneity after cingulotomy.

“Difficulties have been reported for self-initiated responding, e.g., spontaneous verbal utterances, leading to reduced behavioural spontaneity (Cohen et al., 1999a,b).”

• cites Cohen et al., 1999a,bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

IQ measures typically remain the same or even slightly improve after anterior cingulotomy.

“Meanwhile, IQ measures typically remain the same or even slightly improve post-surgery (Ballantine et al., 1967, 1987; Brown and Lighthill, 1968; Cohen et al., 1999a,b; Corkin, 1980; Fedio and Ommaya, 1970; Kim et al., 2003; Steele et al., 2008)”

• cites Ballantine et al., 1967 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Brown and Lighthill, 1968 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Corkin, 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

A study of major depression found that smaller lesion volumes were associated with better results after cingulotomy.

“a study of major depression found that smaller lesion volumes were associated with better results (Steele et al., 2008).”

• cites Steele et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Other formal tests of memory, including recall of the Rey-Taylor complex, show preserved performance after anterior cingulotomy.

“Other formal tests of memory, including recall of the Rey-Taylor complex, also show preserved performance (Corkin, 1980; Jung et al., 2006).”

• cites Corkin, 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Jung et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Cingulate projections may be involved in the maintenance and cortical integration of information from limbic structures, including conflict between the current status and perceived indicators of change.

“Reflecting these roles, cingulate projections may be involved in the maintenance and cortical integration of information from limbic structures, which includes conflict between the current status and perceived indicators of change (Mansouri et al., 2017; Rushworth et al., 2004).”

• cites Mansouri et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rushworth et al., 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The mean age to reach peak fractional anisotropy in the cingulum is 42 years.

“Remarkably, the mean age to reach peak fractional anisotropy was found to be 42 years (Lebel et al., 2012), making the cingulum one of the last major tracts to mature by this measure.”

• cites Lebel et al., 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

There is accumulating evidence that the cingulum bundle, notably its dorsal/anterior portions, mediates performance in 'frontal' tests of cognitive control and executive function.

“There is accumulating evidence that the cingulum bundle, notably its dorsal/anterior portions, mediates performance in ‘frontal’ tests of cognitive control and executive function.”

Many descriptions of cingulotomy appear consistent with the anterior cingulate and adjacent cingulum bundle having a role in the integration of visceral and affective processes.

“Overall, many of the descriptions of cingulotomy appear consistent with the anterior cingulate and adjacent cingulum bundle having a role in the integration of visceral, and affective processes (Dalgleish, 2004), e.g., causing less attention to negative states.”

• cites Dalgleish, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The cingulum can play a related role in amplifying or attenuating emotional responses to pain signals.

“The cingulum can also play a related role in amplifying or attenuating emotional responses to pain signals (Cohen et al., 1999b).”

• cites Cohen et al., 1999bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Metzler-Baddeley et al. (2012b) found individual FA differences in the anterior and posterior cingulum portions but not the middle or parahippocampal portion correlate with executive function tasks.

“Another study (Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012b) used DTI tractography to reconstruct anterior, middle, posterior and parahippocampal cingulum portions of the cingulum and found individual FA differences in the anterior and posterior cingulum portion but not the middle or the parahippocampal portion to correlate with executive function tasks (Category Fluency and Stroop Test).”

• cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Jang et al. (2016) reported decreased FA in anterior and anterior superior portions of the cingulum in older versus younger adults.

“They reported decreased FA in anterior and anterior superior portions of the cingulum in older versus younger adults.”

• cites Jang et al., 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Hypermetabolism in the subgenual cingulate and prefrontal cortex may predict favourable responses to anterior cingulotomies in major depression.

“while hypermetabolism in the subgenual cingulate and prefrontal cortex may predict favourable responses to anterior cingulotomies in this disorder (Dougherty et al., 2003).”

• cites Dougherty et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The discovery of selective deficits in attention and cognitive control after cingulotomy points to a contribution of the cingulum to executive tasks.

“The discovery of selective deficits in attention and cognitive control also points to a contribution to executive tasks (Cohen et al., 1999a,b; Janer and Pardo, 1991).”

• cites Cohen et al., 1999a,bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Janer and Pardo, 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Aging may affect both ends of the cingulum across the lifespan.

“However, as age-related changes were also observed in the number of reconstructed fibres in the parahippocampal cingulum they proposed that aging may affect both ends of the cingulum across the lifespan (see also Chua et al., 2008).”

• cites Chua et al., 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

dMRI analyses are only correlative and not causal in nature.

“Throughout, it is important to remember that such dMRI analyses are only correlative and not causal in nature.”

In 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, cingulum integrity was associated with positive prodromal symptoms of psychosis.

“While cingulum integrity was associated with positive prodromal symptoms of psychosis”

• cites Kates et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

In ASD, diffusivity increases (mean and radial) are most evident in young (<11 years) participants.

“with diffusivity increases (e.g., mean and radial) most evident in young (<11 years) ASD participants (Ameis et al., 2013).”

• cites Ameis et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Familial high-risk schizophrenia studies may be underpowered given the need to adjust for the degree of penetrance.

“A concern, however, is that these studies may be underpowered given the need to adjust for the degree of penetrance.”

Cingulum changes in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome may be modified by medication.

“these changes may be modified by medication (Kates et al., 2015).”

• cites Kates et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

In schizophrenia, cingulum FA changes are part of more widespread disruptions to frontotemporal and frontolimbic pathways.

“In schizophrenia, cingulum FA changes are part of more widespread disruptions to frontotemporal and frontolimbic pathways (Samartzis et al., 2014).”

• cites Samartzis et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Carriers of variants of neuregulin 1 associated with schizophrenia may show anterior cingulum dMRI changes.

“Carriers of variants of neuregulin 1 associated with schizophrenia may also show anterior cingulum dMRI changes (Wang et al., 2009).”

• cites Wang et al., 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

More consistent cingulum bundle changes are seen in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

“More consistent cingulum bundle changes are seen in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (Kates et al., 2015)”

• cites Kates et al., 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

In ADHD, there is loss of cingulum correlations with executive functions seen in controls.

“alongside the loss of cingulum correlations with executive functions seen in controls.”

• cites Chiang et al. (2016) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In survivors with PTSD following another disaster, reduced FA was found in the right subgenual region.

“Following another disaster, survivors with PTSD had reduced FA in the right subgenual region (Zhang et al., 2011).”

• cites Zhang et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Divergent changes in corpus callosum radial diffusivity point to further white matter differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

“Divergent changes in corpus callosum radial diffusivity pointed to further white matter differences in these two conditions (Nenadic et al., 2017).”

• cites Nenadic et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In PTSD survivors of a fire disaster, lower FA was found in the left rostral, subgenual, and dorsal cingulum.

“In one study of PTSD survivors of a fire disaster, lower FA was found in the left rostral, subgenual, and dorsal cingulum (Kim et al., 2006).”

• cites Kim et al., 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

In combat veterans, dorsal cingulum FA was positively associated with the persistence and severity of PTSD symptoms.

“Likewise, in studies of combat veterans, dorsal cingulum FA was positively associated with the persistence and severity of symptoms (Kennis et al., 2015, 2017).”

• cites Kennis et al., 2015, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Overlapping white matter patterns support transdiagnostic views of psychiatric states.

“Together, these overlapping patterns support transdiagnostic views of psychiatric states.”

Frontal disconnection is common to both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

“A review of dMRI findings in bipolar disorders and schizophrenia (O’Donoghue et al., 2017), concluded that frontal disconnection is common to both illnesses.”

• cites O’Donoghue et al., 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The distributed nature of these functions, combined with the presence of alternate routes of communication, helps ensure that the effects of cingulum disconnection often remain surprisingly mild and difficult to detect.

“the distributed nature of these functions, combined with the presence of alternate routes of communication, helps to ensure that the effects of cingulum disconnection often remain surprisingly mild and difficult to detect.”

Unilateral retrosplenial damage can cause topographic disorientation.

“Meanwhile, unilateral retrosplenial damage, which presumably involves the cingulum, can cause topographic disorientation (Maguire, 2001; Takahashi et al., 1997)”

• cites Maguire, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Takahashi et al., 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The midcingulate area contains multiple motor areas.

“Indeed, the midcingulate area contains multiple motor areas (Vogt et al., 2005) that in monkeys are found in the lower bank of the cingulate sulcus (Morecraft and Tanji, 2009).”

• cites Vogt et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Cingulum fibres support various abilities.

“This mismatch presumably indicates that while cingulum fibres support these various abilities”

Both fornix and anterior thalamic lesions in monkeys impair spatial alternation and scene discrimination learning.

“In contrast, both fornix and anterior thalamic lesions in monkeys impair these same behavioural tasks (Gaffan, 1994; Parker and Gaffan, 1997; see Table 1 for corresponding rat results).”

• cites Gaffan, 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Parker and Gaffan, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Cingulum dMRI studies will often be biased to the cortico-cortical connections and subcortical efferents to the cingulate gyrus.

“Consequently, cingulum dMRI studies will often be biased to this group of connections.”

Damage to the fornix, as well as the anterior thalamus, causes anterograde amnesia in humans.

“Furthermore, damage to the fornix, as well as the anterior thalamus, causes anterograde amnesia in humans (Aggleton and Brown, 1999; Aggleton et al., 2000; Carlesimo et al., 2011; Gaffan and Gaffan, 1991).”

• cites Aggleton and Brown, 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Aggleton et al., 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Carlesimo et al., 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Different functional attributes of the cingulum often interact, blurring their distinctions.

“it should be no surprise that these different attributes often interact with each other, blurring their distinctions.”

These functional categories have comparative support.

“it is notable that these functional categories have comparative support (Table 3).”

• cites Table 3Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Both the fornix and cingulum bundle contain many hippocampal and parahippocampal connections.

“The differences between the effects of fornix and cingulum bundle lesions are highly informative as both tracts contain many hippocampal and parahippocampal connections”

• cites Aggleton, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Functions most strongly linked to different parts of the cingulum bundle are emotion, motivation, executive functions, pain, and memory.

“Those functions most strongly linked to different parts of the cingulum bundle are emotion (including social interactions), motivation, executive functions (including aspects of attention), pain, and memory.”

• cites Table 3Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The cingulate gyrus is a principal driver of the cingulum.

“A principal driver of the cingulum is the cingulate gyrus.”

The human cingulum bundle likely contains the same core connections as those found in other mammals.

“The numerous similarities across species make it extremely likely that the human cingulum bundle contains the same, core connections as those found in other mammals.”

The relative sparing after cingulum damage may come from surviving, complementary routes.

“pointing again to surviving, complementary routes.”

Extensive lesions of the monkey anterior and posterior cingulate cortices spare both spatial alternation and scene discrimination learning.

“extensive lesions of the monkey anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, which involve the bundle, spare both spatial alternation and scene discrimination learning (Murray et al., 1989; Parker and Gaffan, 1997; but see Buckley and Mitchell, 2016)”

• cites Murray et al., 1989 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Parker and Gaffan, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Cingulum bundle damage appears to be a consistent feature of retrosplenial amnesia.

“as cingulum bundle damage appears to be a consistent feature of retrosplenial amnesia (e.g., Yasuda et al., 1997; Heilman et al., 1990)”

• cites Yasuda et al., 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Heilman et al., 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The cingulum bundle is important for episodic memory.

“its importance for episodic memory would seem highly likely.”

Opposing effects in cingulum diffusivity may relate to which connections dominate the cingulum signal at that location.

“suggests that there can be opposing effects relating to which connections dominate the cingulum signal at that location.”

Cingulum bundle lesions in humans at the level of the anterior cingulate cortex have little or no effect on standard tests of memory.

“Cingulum bundle lesions in humans at the level of the anterior cingulate cortex have little or no effect on standard tests of memory.”

Principally the cortico-cortical connections and the subcortical efferents to the cingulate gyrus join the long axis of the cingulum bundle.

“it is principally the cortico-cortical connections and the subcortical efferents to the cingulate gyrus that join its long axis.”

The human cingulum bundle contains additional frontal and parietal connections.

“It is also presumed that the human cingulum bundle contains additional frontal and parietal connections (Fig. 1), e.g., as indicated by fMRI studies of effective connectivity.”

• cites Fig. 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Some of the most relevant cingulum connections, e.g., those involving prefrontal and parahippocampal areas, are supported by alternate routes, including some via the fornix.

“At the same time, some of the most relevant cingulum connections, e.g., those involving prefrontal and parahippocampal areas, are supported by alternate routes, including some via the fornix.”

One or more fornix connections have a critical status with respect to episodic memory.

“The implication is that one or more of these fornix connections have a critical status with respect to episodic memory.”

Cingulum bundle changes occur across a remarkably wide range of clinical conditions.

“Finally, cingulum bundle changes occur across a remarkably wide range of clinical conditions.”

Cingulum bundle changes relate to the structure, shape, and size of the tract, as well as to measures of microstructure derived from dMRI.

“These changes relate to the structure, shape, and size of the tract, as well as to measures of microstructure derived from dMRI.”

The cingulum is not a unitary tract.

“As Beevor (1891) appreciated long ago, the cingulum is not a unitary tract”

• cites Beevor (1891)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Separating cause and effect when examining white matter status in clinical conditions is going to be highly challenging.

“Amongst the many implications is the realisation that separating cause and effect when examining white matter status in clinical conditions is going to be highly challenging.”

dMRI measures can correlate with memory scores.

“While dMRI measures can correlate with memory scores (Sections 4.2,4.4)”

• cites Sections 4.2,4.4Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

In MCI, apparent reliance on retrosplenial and parahippocampal cingulum is reflected in a greater use of 'knowing' rather than 'remembering'.

“This apparent reliance is reflected in a greater use of ‘knowing’ rather than ‘remembering’ (Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012a)”

• cites Metzler-Baddeley et al., 2012aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Only the fornix provides the direct hippocampal inputs to sites such as the anterior thalamic nuclei, the mammillary bodies, and the prefrontal cortex.

“yet only the fornix provides the direct hippocampal inputs to sites such as the anterior thalamic nuclei, the mammillary bodies, and the prefrontal cortex (Aggleton, 2012).”

• cites Aggleton, 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The fornix contains inputs to the hippocampus from sites such as the septum and supramammillary nucleus.

“The fornix also contains inputs to the hippocampus from sites such as the septum and supramammillary nucleus.”

White matter has a more dynamic role.

“suggesting a more dynamic role for white matter.”